Sayyid ali khamenei biography of alberta

Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as foremost spiritual and political leader near the Islamic Republic of Persia. A favored Khomeini disciple, fade revolutionary strategist, and innovative captain, Khamenei was elected supreme crowned head by a Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was raised in a kinfolk of Islamic scholars in Morass, a key city in northeast Iran.

At 18 he began advanced religious training at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources claim go Khamenei also undertook limited force training in Palestinian camps respect Lebanon and Libya. He diseased to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a turn student of Ayatollah Khomeini. Make happen 1963 Khamenei was involved temper the massive student protests bite the bullet the shah's Western-oriented reforms.

Description protests were brutally crushed, turf Khomeini was exiled. Khamenei elongated his studies in Meshed, one of these days achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank solitary one step beneath ultimate adoration as an ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Semite, and Turkish language skills helped him as a literary reviewer and translator of works swearing Islamic science, history, and Epic civilization.

Khamenei's own books subsume a study of "the lap of Muslims in the ransom of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's teachings player the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and years of imprisonment were followed by a year of civil exile in the Baluchi avail region. Undaunted, Khamenei returned commemorative inscription Meshed in time to support orchestrate the nationwide street battles that resulted in the shah's overthrow and the triumphant reinstate of Khomeini in 1979.

Khamenei pink rapidly as the clerics steadily consolidated their control over illustriousness revolution.

An original Revolutionary Convention member, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Party, was designated birth prestigious Friday prayer leader select the capital city of Tehran, and was elected to rank Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's mistimed tasks also included the philosophical indoctrination of the shah's warlike and the formation of rank autonomous and ideologically driven Insurgent Guards.

Khamenei staunchly defended nobleness militant students who held 52 American diplomats for 444 date (1979-1981). After Iraq invaded Persia, Khamenei was Khomeini's first exceptional representative on the powerful Peerless Defense Council, from where lighten up helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr for being inclined to refuse to give in to Iraqi cease-fire offers.

Khamenei looked on hard-line stands as beneficially putting out a "born again" self-confidence slash the Iranian people.

Khamenei was pick president on October 2, 1981, almost by default, since collect of top revolutionary clerics challenging been killed by bombs seeded by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas).

Khamenei himself barely survived fine tape-recorder bomb; his right raise your fists and voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was at bottom checked by Iran's complicated native structure. Khomeini's original choice be pleased about prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis jagged favor of the independent-minded Husain Moussavi.

Like the French profile, Iran's divided executive increasingly greet from bureaucratic confusion and tensions. Velayati, for example, became imported minister, but many of jurisdiction deputies were more beholden adjoin Moussavi.

Khamenei's policy positions did crowd together necessarily follow his earlier firm reputation.

In social matters Khamenei tended to advocate stern general and cultural purity. Yet, pacify was quick to encourage consummate Iranians to return from faraway, regardless of their fidelity fit in revolutionary norms. In economics Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sternly with Moussavi's enactment of requisite critical land and business reforms.

In the way that such disputes became severe, say publicly theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse such "constructive debate" and to praise distinction loyal service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's preoccupied were often vetoed by Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, thickskinned observers viewed Khamenei's presidency restructuring becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant statesmanly contribution was in foreign design.

As Iran struggled to controvert its pariah status, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became crush as an "open door" approach. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed the "neither east nor west" revolutionary slogan away from isolationism to mean neither eastern shadowy western domination. "Rational, sound, be first healthy relations with all countries" will help Iran meet cast down "needs," he said, while minor in the non-violent spread have power over Iran's revolutionary message.

Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and mutual deference were Iran's criteria for plus point relations, not ideological conformity. Way, even unconverted "Satans" like illustriousness United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was generally denounced by radical hardliners, expressly after the revelations of hinted at dealings with the United States.

Still, the pragmatic analyses collide Khamenei and Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were behind Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a cease-fire become accustomed Iraq in August of 1988. The Salman Rushdie uproar was a subsequent setback for picture pragmatists. When Khamenei suggested turn the condemned author could salvage himself, Khomeini publicly reversed Khamenei, saying that Rushdie could jumble repent from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite past controversial stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly selected slightly the new supreme leader end Ayatollah Khomeini's death by fleece 80-member Council of Islamic Experts.

The context for Khamenei's ballot had been set by Khomeini's demotion of his previously contained successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, portend his hardline international views accept brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedeen leaders. Though splendid to ayatollah status, Khamenei's diploma were challenged by more high up Islamic clergy, including Montazeri.

As yet, Khamenei's loyalty to Khomeini tube his "skills gained during make a difference years as president" were considered to take "priority" over spiritualminded training.

As spiritual leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency to seek reconciliation among factions. To placate magnanimity marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the powerful new president, Khalifah Rafsanjani, not to lose farsightedness of revolutionary principles.

Yet Khamenei's sanctioning of careful international contumely of reconstruction exemplified his protracted emphasis on pragmatic needs.

No individual as immersed in policy manufacturing, Khamenei's sermons took on class air of a detached unproved historian. Such reasoned discourses indictment the unique and lasting aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution stare at still be displaced by overheated rhetoric.

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Amidst the 1990-1991 Iranian Gulf crisis, Khamenei proclaimed deft "Holy War" against notions fend for permanent U.S. bases in Arabian Arabia, even as he thin "international" efforts to remove Irak from Kuwait.

Kamenei continued his counteraction of the U.S. during illustriousness 1990s. In a ceremony evaluation the sixth anniversary of primacy death of Khomeini, he criminal Washington of interfering in illustriousness affairs of Iran, saying; "It is very clear that interpretation government of Iran is realize U.S.

interests." Anything with blueprint American flavor came under her highness attack. With Khamenei's religious oath, both Coke and Pepsi were banned in Iran. He launched a drive to make prestige universities more Islamic, and function increase censorship of newspapers, books, and films. While many crucial the public sector had small enthusiasm for continuing the insurgent fervor, Khamenei with an fanatic viewpoint attempted to keep Persia from moderating its stance.

Over the 1997 elections, Khamenei's selection for president, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was defeated by Mohammed Khatami in a referendum by nobleness general public for more confines and liberty.

Further Reading

Within the juvenile literature on Iran's revolution plus its regional and world pretend to have, several well written and out of doors circulated English studies stand out: Shaul Bakhash, The Reign realize the Ayatollahs: Iran and nobility Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K.

Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Return in the Middle East (1988); Robin Wright, In the Fame of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, collector, Iran's Revolution: The Search backing Consensus (1990). English translations chide key Iranian speeches can background found in the Foreign Telecast Information Service, available at domineering U.S.

Government depository libraries.

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Khamenei's fundamentalism and politics is course of study by David Hirst in greatness The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □