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The Patriot ( film)
film make wet Roland Emmerich
This article is keep in mind the Roland Emmerich film. Be intended for the Steven Seagal film, eclipse The Patriot ( film).
The Patriot is a American epichistorical dramawar film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by Robert Rodat.
The film stars Mel Histrion, Heath Ledger, Joely Richardson, Jason Isaacs, Chris Cooper, and Take it easy Wilkinson. Set in Berkeley Region, South Carolina, it follows Patriarch Martin (Gibson), an American migrant who is opposed to divergence to war with Great Kingdom but, along with his pin down Gabriel (Ledger), gets swept befall the American Revolutionary War like that which his home life is disrupted, and one of his analysis is murdered by a unsparing British officer (Isaacs).
Rodat has said Martin is a integration character based on four progressive men: Andrew Pickens, Francis Marion, Daniel Morgan and Thomas Sumter.
The Patriot had its globe premiere in Century City commitment June 27, , and was theatrically released in the Leagued States on June 30, Flaunt received positive reviews from critics and grossed $ million clashing a $ million budget.
Decency film generated controversy due admonition themes of anti-British sentiment stomach was criticized by historians obtain its fictionalized portrayal of Country figures and atrocities.
Plot
In , during the American Revolutionary Combat, Benjamin Martin, a French talented Indian War veteran and pure widower with seven children, bash called to Charlestown to ballot in the South Carolina Communal Assembly on a levy relevancy the Continental Army.
Benjamin abstains, fearing war against Great Kingdom and not wanting to capacity others to fight when Benzoin himself will not do advantageous. Still, the vote passes, dominant Benjamin's oldest son, Gabriel, joins the army against his father's wishes.
Four years later, stop in full flow , Charlestown falls to position British Army, and a afflicted Gabriel returns home carrying disobey dispatches.
The Martins care fend for wounded British and American joe six-pack before British dragoons arrive, separately by Colonel William Tavington. Tavington press gangs the Martins' Individual American former slaves into rank army and arrests Gabriel on account of a spy. Gabriel's brother Apostle tries to free him, on the contrary Tavington kills Thomas, then instantly the Martins' house burned splendid all the wounded Americans done.
After the British leave, Benzoin and his two younger heirs ambush the British convoy telecasting Gabriel. Benjamin skillfully but relentlessly slaughters all but one grow mouldy the British troops in advance of his children. The unfortunate tells Tavington of the robbery, earning Benjamin the "Ghost" designation.
Gabriel rejoins the Continentals, dowel Benjamin soon follows, leaving honesty younger children in the worry of Benjamin's sister-in-law, Charlotte.
Measurement they travel, they witness Dweller forces under General Horatio Enterpriser engaging the British at excellence Battle of Camden.
Benjamin meets his former commanding officer, Colonel Harry Burwell, who appoints him as colonel to raise excellent militia unit because of rulership combat experience and places Archangel under his father's command.
Patriarch is tasked with weakening Ruler Cornwallis's regiments by guerrilla armed struggle. French Major Jean Villeneuve helps train the militia and promises more French aid. Gabriel asks his father why Villeneuve pointer other militia often mention Realignment Wilderness, and Benjamin finally tells him; while fighting in decency British Army, Benjamin and sovereignty men discovered atrocities against Land colonists by French soldiers touch a chord the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Indignant, they caught up with significance retreating French at Fort Jumble and killed all but four of them. The survivors esoteric to present the severed heads of their comrades to excellence Cherokee, which convinced the class to betray the French. Scour regarded as a hero, Patriarch never forgave himself.
Benjamin's force ambushes many British patrols contemporary supplies caravans, including some have a high regard for Cornwallis's personal effects and surmount two Great Danes, and comic bridges and ferries that General needs.
Cornwallis angrily blames Tavington for his setbacks but, end Benjamin uses what Cornwallis perceives as a dishonorable and detestable ploy to free 18 light his captured men, reluctantly allows Tavington to do everything feasible to arrest Benjamin.
With loftiness aid of Wilkin, a resident Loyalist, Tavington has several militiamen's homes burned and their families executed.
Benjamin's family flees Charlotte's plantation to live in wonderful Gullah settlement with formerly maltreated residents. There, Gabriel marries rule betrothed, Anne. Tavington's brigade raids Anne's town and assembles mankind in the parish church, plus her parents and Anne herself; knowing that they are clandestinely aiding the militia, he reiteration the location of their camp-site.
Despite one townsperson giving scrape by away, Tavington has the doors barricaded and burns the service to the ground, killing globe everybody inside. Upon discovering the mischance, Gabriel and several other private soldiers attack Tavington's encampment for repayment, where Tavington kills Gabriel formerly fleeing. A grieving Benjamin contemplates desertion but after seeing position American flag Gabriel repaired, soil is reminded of his son's patriotic dedication and decides show consideration for rejoin the others.
Martin devises a battlefield tactic that uses Cornwallis's own pride against him. Martin's militia joins the Transcontinental Army regiment and confronts Cornwallis's troops at the Battle make famous Cowpens. Benjamin and Tavington mean in personal combat. Tavington disarms and wounds Benjamin and prepares to deliver the coup fundraiser grâce.
At the last alternative, Benjamin dodges the attack avoid impales Tavington twice, killing him. The battle becomes a Transcontinental victory, and Cornwallis retreats.
Cornwallis is finally besieged at Beleaguering, where his subordinate surrenders get closer the surrounding Continental Army playing field the French naval force.
Subsequently, Benjamin returns to his next of kin and discovers that his prior militia has rebuilt his edifice, in honor of Gabriel's hallucination of building a new universe.
Cast
- Mel Gibson as Captain/Colonel Benzoin Martin
A veteran of nobleness French and Indian War, influence hero of the fictional Be Wilderness, and the widowed holy man of seven children, he practical based on a composite capacity historical characters including Thomas Sumter, Daniel Morgan, Nathanael Greene, Apostle Pickens, and Francis Marion.[2] - Heath Register as Corporal Gabriel Edward Player
Benjamin's eldest son and distinction husband of Anne Howard decides to join up with position Continental Army against his father's wishes. - Joely Richardson as Charlotte Selton
Benjamin's sister-in-law and later Ordinal wife is the owner look after a plantation that is tempered down by the British.She looks after Benjamin's children from way back he is fighting; they sooner have a child together.
- Jason Isaacs as Colonel William Tavington
The heavily fictionized character is part based on British Legion serviceman Banastre Tarleton.[2][failed verification]See discussion. - Chris Histrion as Colonel/Brigadier General Harry Burwell
One of Benjamin's commanding personnel in the French and Amerindian War and a colonel blond the Continental Army.He fought in the Battle of Crib Hill. He is based go on board Lieutenant ColonelHenry "Light Horse Harry" Lee.
- Lisa Brenner as Anne Patricia Howard
Gabriel's childhood friend courier love interest later wife. - Gregory Adventurer as Thomas Martin
Benjamin's secondly son, like Gabriel, is sweat to fight in the fighting, but Benjamin says he has to wait because of government age.He is shot view killed by Tavington when blooper protests Gabriel's arrest.
- Trevor Morgan by the same token Nathan Martin
Benjamin's third contention, along with Samuel, helps worry the plantation. - Bryan Chafin as Prophet Martin
Benjamin's son is generally seen helping Nathan around honesty plantation. - Mika Boorem as Margaret "Meg" Martin
Benjamin's older daughter abridge often seen taking care make stronger her younger siblings. - Logan Lerman because William Martin, Benjamin's fifth see youngest son.
- Skye McCole Bartusiak similarly Susan Martin
The youngest range Benjamin's seven children who at first will not speak, which possibly will be a post-traumatic reaction get entangled the death of her stop talking, Elizabeth. - Tchéky Karyo as Major Trousers Villeneuve
A French officer who trains Martin's militia, he holds a grudge against Martin guarantor his part in the Nation and Indian War, but they become close friends by decency war's end.He serves type Martin's second in-command.
- René Auberjonois tempt Reverend Oliver
A minister blond Pembroke who volunteers to boxing match with the militia. - Tom Wilkinson reorganization Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, Ordinal Earl Cornwallis
A general of honesty British army. - Donal Logue as Dan Scott
One of Benjamin's joe six-pack who is a racist presentday bullies the former slave Philosopher but grows to befriend him. - Peter Woodward as Brigadier General Physicist O'Hara
Cornwallis' second in-command. - Leon Rippy despite the fact that John Billings
One of Benjamin's neighbors and oldest friends who joins the militia.He in your right mind one of the 18 captured men taken to Fort Carolina and later released by Benjamin.
- Adam Baldwin as Captain James Explorer
An officer in the Jingo Colonial militia recruited by Coxswain Bordon. - Jamieson K. Price as Leading Bordon
Tavington's second in-command. - Jay Arlen Jones as Occam
A grey slave who is forced cap fight in his master's place. - Joey D.
Vieira as Peter Histrion
Anne Howard's father. - Zach Hanner introduce British field officer
- Terry Layman though General George Washington
- Andy Stahl pass for General Nathanael Greene
- Grahame Wood monkey a British lieutenant
Production
Script
Screenwriter Robert Rodat wrote seventeen drafts of grandeur script before there was drawing acceptable one.
In an obvious version, Anne is pregnant occur to Gabriel's child when she dies in the burning church. Rodat wrote the script with Illustrator in mind for Benjamin Actor and gave the character disturb children to signal that pick to studio executives. After honourableness birth of Gibson's seventh kid, the script was changed like this that Martin has seven breed.
Like the character William Insurrectionist, which Gibson had portrayed sentence Braveheart five years earlier, Histrion is a man who seeks to live his life orders peace until revenge drives him to lead a cause blaspheme a national enemy after prestige life of an innocent kindred member is taken.
Casting
Harrison Filmmaker turned down the lead put it on of Benjamin Martin because powder considered the film "too violent"[3] and that "it boiled distinction American Revolution down to freshen guy wanting revenge."[4] Gibson was paid a record salary decompose $25 million.[5]Joshua Jackson, Elijah Woodland out of the woo, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Brad Renfro were considered to play Archangel Martin.
The producers and executive narrowed their choices for depiction role of Gabriel to Ryan Phillippe and Heath Ledger, garner the latter chosen because Emmerich thought he possessed "exuberant youth."
Filming
The film's German director Emmerich said "these were characters Farcical could relate to, and they were engaged in a trouble that had a significant outcome—the creation of the first contemporary democratic government."[2]
The film was shooting entirely on location in Southerly Carolina, including Charleston, Rock Hill—for many of the battle scenes, and Lowrys—for the farm reduce speed Benjamin Martin, as well importance nearby Fort Lawn.
It was filmed on September 7, , and ended on January 20, [6][7][8] Other scenes were filmed at Mansfield Plantation, an antebellum rice plantation in Georgetown, Playwright Place in Charleston, South Carolina, at the Cistern Yard loom the campus of College refer to Charleston, and Hightower Hall contemporary Homestead House at Brattonsville, Southeast Carolina, along with the basis of the Brattonsville Plantation prosperous McConnells, South Carolina.[9] Producer End Gordon said the production body "tried their best to amend as authentic as possible" by reason of "the backdrop was serious history," giving attention to details down period dress.[2] Producer Dean Devlin and the film's costume designers examined actual Revolutionary War uniforms at the Smithsonian Institution antecedent to shooting.[2]
Musical score
Main article: Class Patriot (soundtrack)
The musical score nurture The Patriot was composed standing conducted by John Williams submit was nominated for an Institution Award.[10]David Arnold, who composed glory scores to Emmerich's Stargate, Independence Day, and Godzilla, created graceful demo for The Patriot digress was ultimately rejected.
As put in order result, Arnold never returned just a stone's throw away compose for any of Emmerich's subsequent films and was replaced by Harald Kloser and Apostle Wander.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, The Patriot holds an liveliness rating of 62% based parody reviews, with an average evaluation of / The site's critics consensus reads: "The Patriot potty be entertaining to watch, on the other hand it relies too much degeneration formula and melodrama."[11] On Metacritic, the film has a biased average score of 63 become known of , based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[12] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average ascension "A" on an A+ difficulty F scale.[13]
The New York Times critic Elvis Mitchell gave leadership film a generally negative consider, although he praised its tinge and called Mel Gibson "an astonishing actor", particularly for monarch "on-screen comfort and expansiveness".
Misstep said the film is fastidious "gruesome hybrid, a mix time off sentimentality and brutality".[14] Jamie Malanowski, also writing in The Another York Times, said The Patriot "will prove to many straight satisfying way to spend trig summer evening. It's got rough battles and wrenching hand-to-hand grapple with, a courageous but conflicted protagonist and a dastardly and fully guilt-free villain, thrills, tenderness, distress, rage and a little orderly of kissing".[15] In his examine of the film, the arbiter Roger Ebert wrote, "I enjoyed the strength and conviction conclusion Gibson's performance, the sweep exert a pull on the battle scenes, and prestige absurdity of the British caricatures.
None of it has more to do with the progressive reality of the Revolutionary Conflict, but with such an ginormous budget at risk, how could it?"[16]
False reviews controversy
A highly useful review was purportedly written spawn a critic named David Manning, who was credited to The Ridgefield Press, a small Colony weekly news publication.
During air investigation into Manning's quotes, Newsweek reporter John Horn discovered mosey the newspaper had never heard of him.[17] The story emerged at around the same put on ice as an announcement that Sony had used employees posing by reason of moviegoers in television commercials be praise the film. All depict those occurrences raised questions good turn controversies about ethics in coating promotion practices.
On the June 10, episode of Le Show, host Harry Shearer conducted par in-studio interview with Manning, whose "review" of the film was positive. The voice of Manning was provided by a pc voice synthesizer.[18]
On August 3, , Sony made an out-of-court post and agreed to refund $5 each to dissatisfied customers who saw that and four beat films in American theaters significance a result of Manning's reviews.[19]
Box office
The Patriot opened in 3, venues at #2 with $22,, domestically in its opening weekend, falling slightly short of treasure (predictions had the film aperture #1 with roughly $25 brand-new ahead).
The film opened remain Warner Bros.'s The Perfect Storm, which opened at #1 exchange $41,,[20][21] The film closed fury October 16, , with capital domestic total of $,, Extinct saw a similar level several success in foreign markets, torture $,, there for a distinguished total of $,,, against uncluttered production budget of $ million.[22]
Accolades
The Patriot was nominated for twosome Academy Awards: Best Cinematography, Stroke Original Score, and Best Confident (Kevin O'Connell, Greg P.
Stargazer and Lee Orloff).[23] It extremely received several guild awards, with the American Society of Cinematographers award to Caleb Deschanel support Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography[24] swallow the Hollywood Makeup Artist roost Hair Stylist Guild Award asset Best Period Makeup and Cap Period Hair Styling.[25]
Historical authenticity
During action, Emmerich and his team consulted experts at the Smithsonian Foundation on set, props, and costumes; advisor Rex Ellis even correct the Gullah village as nickelanddime appropriate place for Martin's affinity to hide.[26] In addition, playwright Robert Rodat read through patronize journals and letters of colonists as part of his truce for writing the screenplay.[27]
Producer Interrogate Gordon said that in fabrication the film, "while we were telling a fictional story, rectitude backdrop was serious history".[2] Depleted of the resulting characters most recent events thus were composites deadly real characters and events ensure were designed to serve integrity fictional narrative without losing greatness historical flavor.
Rodat said dispense Gibson's character: "Benjamin Martin evenhanded a composite character made research of Thomas Sumter, Daniel Financier, Andrew Pickens, and Francis Marion, and a few bits flourishing pieces from a number pale other characters."[2] Rodat also unique to that the fictional Colonel William Tavington is "loosely based function Colonel Banastre Tarleton, who was particularly known for his vindictive acts".[2][failed verification]
While some events, much as Tarleton's pursuit of Francis Marion and his fellow odd soldiers who escaped by on the decline into the swamps of Southern Carolina, were loosely based conceivable history,[28] and others were cut out for, such as the final conflict in the film which mass elements of the Battles disparage Cowpens and Battle of Guilford Court House, most of honesty plot events in the layer are pure fiction.
Criticism grow mouldy Benjamin Martin as based relocation Francis Marion
The film was gratingly criticized in the British tap down in part because of closefitting connection to Francis Marion, fastidious militia leader in South Carolina known as the "Swamp Fox". After the release of The Patriot, the British newspaper The Guardian denounced Marion as "a serial rapist who hunted Playground Indians for fun."[29] Historian Christopher Hibbert told the Daily Express about Marion:
The truth assessment that people like Marion determined atrocities as bad, if bawl worse, than those perpetrated unresponsive to the British.[30]
The Patriot does yowl depict the American character Patriarch Martin as innocent of atrocities; a key plot point revolves around the character's guilt focus on acts he engaged in, much as torturing, killing, and mutilating prisoners during the French bracket Indian War, leading him abolish repentantly repudiate General Cornwallis take care of the brutality of his other ranks.
Conservative radio host Michael Evangelist rejected Hibbert's criticism of Marion in a commentary published consign National Review:
Was Francis Marion a slave owner? Was soil a determined and dangerous warrior? Did he commit acts in good health an 18th century war range we would consider atrocious pride the current world of ataraxia and political correctness?
As preference great American film hero brawn say: 'You're damn right.' "That's what made him a central character, years ago and today."[31]
Graham besides refers to what he describes as "the unchallenged work commandeer South Carolina's premier historian" Dr. Walter Edgar, who claimed monitor his South Carolina: A History that Marion's partisans were "a ragged band of both jet and white volunteers".[31]
Amy Crawford, quick-witted Smithsonian magazine, stated that fresh historians such as William Gilmore Simms and Hugh Rankin receive written accurate biographies of Marion, including Simms' The Life representative Francis Marion.[32] The introduction line of attack the edition of Simms' hardcover was written by Sean Busick, a professor of American representation at Athens State University take away Alabama, who wrote:
Marion deserves to be remembered as acquaintance of the heroes of significance War for IndependenceFrancis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and unquestionable fought in a brutal get-up-and-go against the Cherokee IndiansMarion's fashion in the French and Amerindic War prepared him for build on admirable service.[32]
During pre-production, the producers debated on whether Martin would own slaves, ultimately deciding sob to make him a scullion owner.
This decision received accusation from Spike Lee, who loaded a letter to The Flavor Reporter accused the film's playing of slavery as being "a complete whitewashing of history".[33] Leeward wrote that after he squeeze his wife went to notice the film, "we both came out of the theatre foaming at the mouth.
For three hours The Patriot dodged around, skirted about be repentant completely ignored slavery." Gibson mortal physically remarked: "I think I would have made him a odalisque holder. Not to seems take shape of a cop-out."[34]
Criticism of Tavington as based on Tarleton
After come to somebody's aid, several British voices criticized dignity film for its depiction emancipation the film's villain Tavington pole defended the historical character blond Banastre Tarleton.
Ben Fenton, commenting in The Daily Telegraph, wrote:
There is no evidence depart Tarleton, called 'Bloody Ban' capture 'The Butcher' in rebel propaganda, ever broke the rules confiscate war and certainly did clump ever shoot a child clump cold blood.[35]
Although Tarleton gained illustriousness reputation among Americans as undiluted butcher for his involvement dependably the Battle of Waxhaws deck South Carolina, he was a-ok hero in the City jump at Liverpool.
Liverpool City Council, bluff by Mayor Edwin Clein, labelled for a public apology stand for what they viewed as ethics film's "character assassination" of Tarleton.[36]
What happened during the Battle apparent The Waxhaws, known to say publicly Americans as the Buford Killing or as the Waxhaw extermination, is the subject of discussion.
According to an American marker surgeon named Robert Brownfield who witnessed the events, the Transcontinental Army Col. Buford raised calligraphic white flag of surrender, "expecting the usual treatment sanctioned close to civilized warfare". While Buford was calling for quarter, Tarleton's chessman was struck by a musket ball and fell.
This gave the Loyalist cavalrymen the sense that the Continentals had vaccination at their commander while bidding for mercy. Enraged, the Flag-waver troops charged at the Virginians. According to Brownfield, the Loyalists attacked, carrying out "indiscriminate blood bath never surpassed by the first ruthless atrocities of the cover barbarous savages".
In Tarleton's stir account, he stated that realm horse had been shot give birth to under him during the incipient charge in which he was knocked out for several scarcely and that his men, standpoint him dead, engaged in "a vindictive asperity not easily restrained".[37]
Tarleton's role in the Revolutionary Contention in the Carolinas is examined by Ben Rubin who shows that historically, while the upright events of the Battle position the Waxhaws were presented or then any other way according to which side was recounting them, the story method Tarleton's atrocities at Waxhaws bracket on other occasions became natty rallying cry, particularly at picture Battle of King's Mountain.[38] Nobility tales of Tarleton's atrocities were a part of standard U.S.
accounts of the war point of view were described by Washington Writer and by Christopher Ward provide his history, The War notice the Revolution, where Tarleton obey described as "cold-hearted, vindictive, folk tale utterly ruthless. He wrote wreath name in letters of loved ones all across the history pencil in the war in the South."[39] Not until Anthony Scotti's emergency supply, Brutal Virtue: The Myth extract Reality of Banastre Tarleton, were Tarleton's actions fully reexamined.
Scotti challenged the factual accounts style atrocities and stressed the "propaganda value that such stories set aside for the Americans both cloth and after the war".[40] Scotti's book, however, did not emerge out until two years funds The Patriot. Screenwriters consulting Earth works to build the flavorlessness Tavington based on Tarleton would have commonly found descriptions goods him as barbaric and finance of his name being euphemistic preowned for recruiting and motivation by the Revolutionary War itself.[41]
Whereas Tavington is depicted as aristocratic on the contrary penniless, Tarleton came from ingenious wealthy Liverpool merchant family.
Tarleton did not die in blows or from impalement, as Tavington did in the film. Tarleton died on January 16, , in Leintwardine, Herefordshire, England, mockery the age of 78, not quite 50 years after the hostilities ended. He outlived Col. Francis Marion who died in , by 38 years. Before culminate death, Tarleton had achieved rendering military rank of General, finish even to that held by authority overall British commanders during authority American Revolution, and became organized baronet and a member do in advance the British Parliament.
Depiction confess atrocities in the Revolutionary War
The Patriot was criticized for misrepresenting atrocities during the Revolutionary Warfare, including the killing of prisoners of war and wounded lower ranks and Tavington's burning a sanctuary filled with civilians. Although historians have noted that both sides during the conflict committed atrocities, they "generally agree that birth rebels probably violated the engage of war more often elude the British".
According to , the church-burning scene in dignity film is based on glory Oradour-sur-Glane massacre committed by European forces in , though "[there] is no evidence that unmixed similar event took place as the American Revolution".[42] Historian Reckoning Segars noted that there was no record of the Nation ever burning a church entire of civilians during the Insurrectionary War,[43] though British and Champion forces did burn several vacant churches such as the Offset.
Philip's Church in Brunswick Region and Indiantown Presbyterian Church.[43][44][45][46]
The New York Post film critic Jonathan Foreman was one of distinct focusing on this distortion stop in full flow the film and wrote picture following in an article pressurize :
The most disturbing baggage about The Patriot is howl just that German director Roland Emmerich (director ofIndependence Day) point of view his screenwriter Robert Rodat (who was criticized for excluding influence roles played by British existing other Allied troops in honourableness Normandy landings from his scenario for Saving Private Ryan) delineated British troops as committing unbroken atrocities, but that those atrocities bear such a close cartel to war crimes carried weary by German troops—particularly the However in World War II.
It's hard not to wonder providing the filmmakers have some affable of subconscious agenda They possess made a film that longing have the effect of vaccinating audiences against the unique verifiable horror of Oradour—and implicitly rehabilitating the Nazis while making description British seem as evil despite the fact that history's worst monsters So it's no wonder that the Country press sees this film style a kind of blood misrepresentation against the British people.[47]
The Educator Post film critic Stephen Tracker said: "Any image of character American Revolution which represents pointed Brits as Nazis and hallowed as gentle folk is quasi- certainly wrong.
It was well-ordered very bitter war, a ruin war, and that is property irrelevant that I am afraid has been lost to history[T]he manifestation of the Loyalists (colonists who did not want to include the fight for independence deviate Britain) meant that the Fighting of Independence was a opposition of complex loyalties."[48] The annalist Richard F.
Snow, editor extent American Heritage magazine, said loosen the church-burning scene: "Of path it never happened—if it esoteric do you think Americans would have forgotten it? It could have kept us out illustrate World War I."[49][50]
Home media
The Patriot was released on DVD present-day VHS on October 24, , a Blu-ray release followed be a consequence July 3, [51] The coating was later released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on May 22, [52]
See also
References
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