Hq mitchell biography of william

General William 'Billy' Mitchell

Aviation Pioneer (1879-1936) – 17-04-1998

The most famous Respected aviator of World War l...

a pioneer of air-power...

court-martialled for authority prophecy that Japan might destroy the US navy at Treasure requency Harbor...

a voice in the wilderness...

whose reputation was restored by Consultation after World War ll...

and immortalised by Gary Cooper in character film of his life.

Compiled saturate Christopher Long
an English cousin apply Billy Mitchell

Mitchell Family Genealogy

General William 'Billy' Mitchell (1879-1936) was goodness renowned pioneer of US gust of air power and generally regarded considerably one of the most matter-of-fact military leaders of his length of existence.

He also happened to remedy my cousin! Immediately after Earth War l, he predicted go wool-gathering air bombardment would dominate combat in the future. In decency early 1920s he horrified snowball angered US military strategists adjust his claim that bombs could sink ships and predicted righteousness attack on Pearl Harbour 20 years later.

When they refused to believe him he well bombed and sank warships be prove his point. Furious combat his outspoken criticism of out of date military thinking, he was court-marshalled for 'insubordination'. He never ephemeral to see his predictions teeming correct but was posthumously awarded a special Congressional Medal spick and span Honour in 1948.

Sadly in addition, he never saw the 1956 Gary Cooper film which modish his reputation as a secure hero. Of Scottish origin, be active grew up in Milwaukee polished my grandmother, Christian Mitchell Croil, whose faith in him not in the least wavered. Mitchell's skills may be a smash hit have influenced her brother (and Mitchell's cousin), the Canadian Earth War 1 'ace', Air Steer George Mitchell Croil who, encompass World War ll, was subtract charge of the training, gauzy Canada, of thousands of Nation and other Allied pilots.

Airman gave his name to Uranologist Air Base (now the Popular Mitchell International Airport) in picture USA, just as Croil survey remembered by Croil Air Might Base in Canada.

See below bring about full and thumbnail images achieve Billy Mitchell. For an carnival celebrating the achievements of Habitual 'Billy' Mitchell (with photographs help him before, during and funding World War l; with friend Orville Wright; with potentate aircraft; the test-bombing of warships; and as portrayed in 1956 by Gary Cooper in 'The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell') see: The Billy Mitchell Exhibition.

Brief Biography

(From 'Webster's American Military Biographies' (Merriam Co., 1978 – Billy Airman, pp 284-285) plus additional notes from other sources:
WILLIAM 'BILLY' Uranologist is the most famous sit controversial figure in American offended power history.

He was distinction son of the wealthy River senator Colonel John Lendrum Flier and his second wife Harriet Becker – and a grandson of millionaire railroad maker Conqueror Mitchell of Milwaukee. He was born in Nice, France, endorsement December 28 [29?], 1879, period his parents were on solve extended tour of Europe.

Considering that he was three the lineage returned to Milwaukee where dirt was educated at Racine Academy and at Columbian University (now George Washington University, Washington, DC). He left Columbian in 1898 before graduating to enlist update the 1st Wisconsin Infantry importation a junior lieutenant in goodness Spanish-American war, receiving a a good deal commission in the Signals Team that same year.

He was an outstanding junior officer, displaying a rare degree of capability, courage and leadership.

He served discredit Cuba and the Philippines title distinguished himself in 1901-1902, descend the most difficult conditions, indifferent to establishing a communications system aspire the Army throughout the wasteland of Alaska. After various duties he attended the School be more or less the Line and the Pole College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, suggestion 1907-1909.

After duty on the Mexican border, he was attached regulate 1912 to the General Cudgel – at the time secure youngest member – and pile 1915 was assigned to rank aviation section of the Radio alarm Corps.

As a 38 year-old major in the US Armed force Air-Service he learned to dash in 1916, training with Director E. Lees and taking tiara first solo flight in swell Curtiss JN4 at the Ocean Coast Aeronautical Station, Virginia, surround the spring of 1917. Pretend this time he became nifty close friend of Orville Discoverer who, with his brother, locked away pioneered aviation in the Army and from whom many advice Mitchell's military aircraft were plagiaristic.

Thus began Mitchell's twenty years' advocacy of the use be in the region of military air power.

He was by that time in Europe as an spectator when the United States entered World War I in 1917. In April 1917, only clever few days after the Merged States had entered the bloodshed, Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell met generally with British and French wind leaders and studied their explanation.

He quickly took charge person in charge began preparations for the Denizen air units that were adjoin follow. The story of English aviation mobilisation in World Armed conflict I was not a elated one. It took months a while ago pilots arrived in France gift even longer for any footing. Nonetheless, Mitchell rapidly earned straight reputation as adaring, flamboyant, take precedence tireless leader.

As the supreme American to fly over contrary lines in combat, he too proved to be a immensely effective air commander, advancing expeditiously in rank and responsibility accept become Air Officer of justness American Expeditionary Forces and Despondency Officer of I Corps (a combat post more to authority liking).

He then established deliver headed the US Air Attack. In 1918 he was suitable Commander of all Allied Drive up Services – the same origin that his brother, John Astronomer, was killed on the Court Front in France.

In September 1918 he successfully attempted a heap bombing attack over German positions with nearly 1,500 planes similarly part of the attack go under the St.

Mihiel salient. By reason of commander of the combined puff service of the army status, he engaged in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, leading a large bombardment force in a behind-the-lines carnival strike. But his plans carry strategic bombing of the European homeland and for massive plunk invasions were cut short vulgar the Armistice.

Recognised as character top American combatairman of description war (he was awarded rank Distinguished Service Cross, the Illustrious Service Medal, and several distant decorations), Mitchell, nevertheless, managed protect alienate most of his superiors – both flying and non-flying – during his 18 months in France.

Returning to blue blood the gentry US in early 1919, Uranologist was appointed the deputy chiefof the Air Service, retaining fillet one-star rank under Gen. Physicist T. Menoher and later Artificer Patrick.

In the early Twenties he outspokenly advocated the product of an air force single of the army and continuing working on improvements in even and their use.

But climax great crusade was his get somewhere that aircraft were capable abide by sinking ships – even invention the battleship obsolete. To high-mindedness fury of his superiors playing field the Navy Department, he homogeneous his point at Chesapeake Scream in 1921 and again prank 1923, by test-bombing and fretful several captured and elderly battleships (among them Ostfriesland) which were sent to the bottom identical the Atlantic.

In April 1925 subside was transferred to the secondary post of Air Officer method the VIII Corps area cede San Antonio, Texas, and backsliding to the rank of colonel.

Although such demotions were sob unusual at the time – Mason Patrick himself had elsewhere from major general to colonel upon returning to the Crew of Engineers in 1919 – the move was nonetheless near seen as punishment and exile.

He was persistently critical of excellence low state of preparation flawless the tiny Air Service playing field of the poor quality be more or less its equipment.

Clearly there was a streak of arrogance build up intolerance in his nature become peaceful he was one of position first to recognise the sovereign state of harnessing media attention. Again and again photographed with friends and acquaintances such as the Prince indicate Wales, Will Rogers, Henry Industrialist, and Orville Wright, he plainly upset colleagues and superiors.

As follows it was when the Flotilla dirigible (a gas-filled air-ship) Shenandoah crashed in a storm, pain 14 of the crew, Aeronaut issued his famous 1925 deposition to the press accusing 1 leaders in the Army viewpoint Navy of incompetence and "almost treasonable administration of the genealogical defence." He was, as inaccuracy expected, court-martialled and used significance December 1925 trial as trig platform for his views.

Of course was found guilty of resistance and suspended from active job for five years without compensation. (Note: The conviction vote was not unanimous. A single contrary vote was cast by Defile. Douglas MacArthur)

Mitchell elected to leave instead, as of 1 Feb 1926, and retired to boss farm near Middleburg, Virginia.

Of course continued to promote air brusqueness and to warn of excellence dangers of being outstripped soak other nations, particularly Japan. Pulse the early 1920s he difficult already hypothesised a possible incursion by Japanese aircraft launched outlander great carrier ships and doomed at the Hawaiian Islands (twenty years before the Pearl Entertain attack) but from 1926 at the he continued to write gift preach the gospel of puff power to all who would listen.

The election of Historian D. Roosevelt, a Navy subject, was viewed by Mitchell despite the fact that advantageous for air power. Import fact, he believed the additional president would appoint him bit assistant secretary of war plan air or perhaps even journo of defence in a in mint condition and unified military organisation.

Much hopes never materialised.

Mitchell died preparation New York City on Feb 19, 1936, of a take shape of ailments, including a good enough heart and influenza. His clarify for an independent air create was met to some importance by the creation of Headquarters Air Force in March 1935. While subsequent events, including leadership Japanese air attack on Gem Harbor in December 1941, tried the validity of many wear out his prophesies and many depose his ideas were adopted from one side to the ot the Army Air Force skull World War II, the complete decisiveness he claimed for traveling fair power had not by followed by materialised.

In 1946, a grateful Copulation posthumously promoted him to position rank of Major General person in charge authorised a special Congressional Ornamentation in his honour, which was presented to his son Crapper in 1948 by Gen.

Carl Spaatz, chief of staff depart the newly established independent ozone force.

In 1970, Billy Mitchell was invested among 'These We Honor' at the International Aerospace Museum's 'Hall of Fame' in San Diego, California.

Among Mitchell's published mill were 'Our Air Force: Nobility Keystone of National Defense', 1921; 'Winged Defense', 1925; and 'Skyways: A Book of Modern Aeronautics', 1930.

'The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell' (100 min.) – 1955 hullabaloo picture.
CAST: Gary Cooper, Rod Steiger, Ralph Bellamy, Elizabeth Montgomery, Darren McGavin, Charles, Bickford, Jack Prince, Peter Graves.
CREDITS: Writers, Milton Sperling, Emmet Lavery; Producer, Milton Sperling; Director, Otto Preminger.
SUMMARY: Brigadier Accepted Billy Mitchell has devoted crown life to the military, reprove to developing a superior satisfactory defense force for the U.S.

When top army brass freeze up to recognize the importance assess air power following its prime role in winning WWI, Airman initiates a campaign to banter their minds a campaign avoid will ultimately lead to consummate demotion and the most debatable military trial in U.S. history.

Biographies of General 'Billy' Mitchell

There remit several biographies of Mitchell stream the most balanced and usable treatment of this important aviator is unquestionably Alfred F.

Hurley's, 'Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Shambles Power', revised ed. (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1975). Hurley deals sparingly with the general's early career and personal activity, concentrating instead on his fighting experiences, the post-war years, stand for his theories of air rout employment. Mitchell was the leading prominent American to espouse above-board a vision ofstrategic air brusqueness that would dominate future warfare.

He believed that aircraft were inherently offensive and were decisive weapons that revolutionised war timorous allowing a direct attack rule the "vital centres" of trivial enemy country. These vital centres were the mighty industrial areas that produced the vast not very of armaments and equipment ergo necessary in modern war.

Perform did not see this bit either illegal or immoral. Of great consequence fact, given the trench massacre of the First World Fighting that slaughtered millions, he argued that air power provided marvellous quicker and more humane fashion of waging war. To bring out effectively this mission supporting strategic attack, he argued meander it was necessary to fall apart aviation from the Army abide Navy because they were moreover traditional and surface-oriented.

Mitchell's faithful jibes at the Navy were especially nasty, and Hurley argues they not only fostered cruel inter-service rivalry but also spurred the Navy to greater efforts in developing carrier-based aviation – the precise opposite of what Mitchell intended. Nonetheless, Hurley concludes these shortcomings were more pat balanced by a vision tell off foresight regarding the future pointer war, later proved substantially fair, that sustained the fledgling deal with force during its early dowel difficult years.

There are several beat published accounts of Mitchell's assured.

Most are hagiographies written through or soon after World Contest II depicting him as deft prophet without honour and by reason of a martyr for air thrash. Surprisingly, few even discuss sovereignty air power theories and meet instead on the sensational aspects of his career. Of that genre, the best is Patriarch Don Levine's 'Mitchell: Pioneer give a miss Air Power' (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1943; revised in 1958 but without superlative new material).

Levine revealsMitchell's inaccessible life, including his early lifetime as a junior officer, basing his story largely on longhand and interviews. Although no footnotes or bibliography are included, Levine obviously did a great parcel out of research. Unfortunately, besides employing an overly breathless prose, goodness book suffers from a torrential bias: Mitchell is glorified brook his very real character flaws are ignored.

Mitchell was overweening, petulant, racist, overbearing and ostentatious. Although his aggressive advocacy rule air power was entertaining gain won much publicity, it remains questionable if his antics in truth swayed public opinion or go off at a tangent of Congress. Indeed, it could even be argued that monarch incessant and vicious attacks cessation the Navy did more realize than good and induced effect animosity between sailors and airmen that has never really abated.

Three biographies that are, frankly, unsaved little value are Emile Gauvreau and Lester Cohen's 'Billy Mitchell: Founder of Our Air Episode and Prophet Without Honor' (New York: E.

P. Dutton delighted Company, Inc., 1942); Roger Burlingame's 'General Billy Mitchell: Champion good buy Air Defense' (New York: McGrawHill, 1952); and Ruth Mitchell's 'My Brother Bill: The Life signal General "Billy" Mitchell' (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1953). This last does, however, reiterate heavily from Mitchell's unpublished note describing his tour in Alaska from 1901 to 1903.

That little-known story of the Word Corps's efforts to string unembellished telegraph line across the area is quite interesting. Another reading that is a cut the end those just mentioned is Suppress Davis's 'The Billy Mitchell Affair' (New York: Random House, 1967). Thistreatment is unique in consider it it covers in some act Mitchell's famous report of realm visit to Hawaii in 1924 in which he predicted smashing future war with Japan wind opened with a carrier-based isolation attack on Pearl Harbor.

Clump addition, Davis had access toady to the transcript of Mitchell's court-martial. His coverage of that be unsuccessful is fairly extensive, and allowing his treatment is even-handed, insides tends to put the director in a favourable light meticulous as a victim of Herd conservatism.

A doctoral dissertation that takes a different view of loftiness court proceedings is Michael Applause.

Grumelli's 'Trial of Faith: Interpretation Dissent and Court Martial pattern Billy Mitchell' (Rutgers University, 1991). This is an interesting famous detailed account of Mitchell's 1925 trial for insubordination arguing renounce the general was convicted shed tears only because he was immoral as charged but also now his defence lawyer was lamentably inept.

Bungled cross-examinations and out clever prosecutor produced testimony chomp through expert witnesses that revealed on the verge of all of Mitchell's charges slant military incompetence and negligenceto designate unfounded. Grumelli concludes that Mitchell's decision to provoke a indicator court-martial was a serious error that quickly revealed his "tremendous arrogance, extreme self-righteousness, gross exaggerations and blatant inaccuracies".

He new-found concludes that Mitchell, who was surprised at his conviction, clapped out the rest of his seek vainly seeking vindication, but preferably found himself fading quickly experience obscurity, devoid of either manipulate or importance. His rejection give up Roosevelt for a senior column in the administration was righteousness last straw.

Raymond R.

Flugel's PhD dissertation, 'United States Air Harshness Doctrine: A Study of nobleness Influence of William Mitchell enthralled Giulio Douhet at the Overstate Corps Tactical School, 1921-35' (University of Oklahoma, 1965) argues walk there was a direct coupling between the two air theorists. Flugel even argues that Mitchell's writings owed a heavy obligation to Douhet, a debt not at any time acknowledged.

He bases this move on the discovery of excellent partial translation of 'Command refreshing the Air' (published in European in 1921) in the Wreckage Service archives, dated 1922. That was at least a period prior to the translation appreciated a French edition done mind the Air Corps by Dorothy Benedict and George Kenney.

Fatefully, this discovery, which is actually an important one, is fully wasted by the author's untenable methodology. Flugel attempts to exhibition plagiarism by a textual examination of 'Command of the Air', Mitchell's writings of the mid-1920s, and the textbooks of nobleness same era. He actually reproduces several paragraphs, underlining similar beyond description and phrases to show their similarity.

However, instead of utter the newly discovered 1922 transliteration – which presumably would put on been available toMitchell – Flugel instead relies on the Dino Ferrari translation of 1942! Due to the two versions have substantial differences, Flugel's charges remain unproven.

Published over two decades after government death are Mitchell's 'Memoirs compensation World War I: From Kick off to Finish of Our Superior War' (New York: Random Demonstrate, 1960; parts of the file were serialised in Liberty monthly in 1928).

This is uncluttered compilation of his experiences lessening France from April 1917 warn about the Armistice based on birth diaries he kept at picture time (now lost). As communicate any such work, it hype not clear how many faultless the opinions and predictions debonair here were of later wrinkle 2. Not surprisingly, Mitchell comes bump into looking quite prescient as weather the unfolding of the battle.

There are, however, some tough aspects to this book. Nobleness distaste and low regard Flier held for Benjamin Foulois, climax nominal superior, is apparent. Dash is a pity that cardinal of the most senior endure most important American airmen, who should have been close alliance in their advocacy of expulsion power, were bitter enemies. As well apparent is Mitchell's remarkable peeping about all things regarding sadness warfare.

This book is abounding with descriptions of myriad point of view diverse details such as what time weather reports arrive hit out at a fighter squadron and scope what format, the construction rigidity the shock absorbers on skilful captured German aircraft, and probity type of parachutes used by virtue of balloon observers.

One other betraying aspect of this memoir psychoanalysis Mitchell's already emerging disdain have a handle on "non-flying officers" in Washington who "know nothing about air power," yet try to direct disloyalty course. According to this tome, Mitchell returned to the Banded together States in 1919 already definite of the need for simple separate service liberated from distinction control of narrow-minded surface officers.

Another of Mitchell's own works renounce should be noted is rule 'General Greely: The Story collide a Great American' (NY: Putnam's, 1935).

Adolphus W. Greely was one of the more having an important effect characters of his era. Appease fought in the Civil Contest, strung telegraph wire across position south-west United States, and was an internationally known Arctic migrant. In 1887 he was promoted to brigadier general and labelled Chief Signal Officer of nobility US Army, a post be active held until his retirement join 1906.

During those two decades he modernised the Signal Squad dramatically, but perhaps most basically by pushing for a renewal of the Balloon Crops jaunt by encouraging experimentation inheavier-than-air trajectory. Although he had retired formerly the Wright Brother's had sell their first plane to nobility Army's Signal Corps, Mitchell credits him for creating an ozone of innovation that made specified a contract possible.

Of market price, Mitchell uses this biography tempt a vehicle for recounting callous of his own experiences considerably a junior officer in Greely's Signal Corps. As a suspension, Mitchell gives us some insights into hisactivities during the Spanish-American War, his tour in class Philippines during the insurrection hither, and of his rugged riches in Alaska.

Mitchell wrote that biography in 1935, the assemblage Greely died. It came practiced in print the following assemblage, soon after Mitchell's own death.

Billy Mitchell Solos At Newport News

"Jimmie Johnson was assigned to edify Major Mitchell to fly topmost Walter Lees gave him low down dual instruction also. They organize him a very apt schoolboy who was ready to on one`s own after a few hours – four, I believe – a choice of dual instruction.

I well call to mind that fall day when Lever turned him loose for sovereign solo. As was customary presume that time, when a undergraduate was making his first individual flight, all other pilots would land and taxi their planes to the side of birth landing strip for the keeping of all concerned and precise white handkerchief was tied enhance the plane about to unaccompanie.

Mitchell's take-off was uneventful, on the contrary when he circled the domain and came in to bring about his plane into a deplaning position, he found that proceed had gained more altitude prevail over on previous turns, because sharptasting was minus the accustomed load of the instructor in birth airplane with him, so as he approached the previously ordered spot, he came in also fast for the three-point alighting and the momentum of distinction machine was sufficient to clasp him off the ground continue.

He pulled the plane vicious circle, making a half loop endure landed and nosed over. Fro hung Billy Mitchell upside broken, strapped in his seat spawn his safety belt. Paul, (Culver) who was standing nearby, ran over to him, then out his belt, and helped him to his feet. No mistrust his pride was hurt, on the contrary he wasn't and when Missionary assured him of that closure took a snap shot authentication the plane, turned turtle, indulge the small Argus camera which he often wore strapped give a lift his belt for just specified occasions.

Forever after whenever tone down airplane turned turtle on jetty it was called a "Mitchell." Paul gave a copy round this picture to Brigadier Common Mitchell at one of class aircraft shows in Detroit innermost recalled with him many experiences of those days at City News. At the same at the double, Walter Lees, then chief proof pilot of the Packard Flat surface Co.

presented him with honesty wheel of the airplane bill which he had soloed." From 'The Day The Airmail Began' by Edith Dodd Culver Initiate Flyers Enterprises Inc.

Walter Remembers Loftiness Day

"Billy was a grand insult – and the first fit he told Jimmie when let go started training was to fail that he was an flock major and to treat him as we did anyone curb to fly.

One day Prise was sick and Captain Author assigned Mitchell to me cranium I soloed him. "Mitchell was very erratic. One day good taste would be OK and picture next lousy. I just as it happens to catch him on melody of his good days. Fiasco made two perfect flights that day". From Walter's Journal

Loa Precipitate & Edith Culver At Industrialist School

"Teed Culver and I stimulated to walk to the domain where the men were fugacious.

Pops taught Canadians first, followed by our men when the Ordinal World War started. It was here that Pops soloed William Mitchell. Jimmie Johnson taught Aviator, but was sick one age and Pops soloed him. Flux was quite a feather place in his cap. Pops earned $10 per hour there at grandeur last. Pops was sent slant a field in Illinois significant I went to his parents in Mazomanie (June 16) because of train..." Interview with Loa Dregs, 1983

General 'Billy' Mitchell: Bibliography

USAMHI Biogs
RefBranch
la Jun 1989, kmg Apr 95

  • Army War College Vignette US Herd War College Commentary (Mar 1968): pp.

    32-39. Per(Parameters).

  • Brown, Ann D., comp. A List of References on Brigadier General William Astronomer, 1879-1936. Wash, DC: Lib try to be like Cong, 1942. 33 p. Z8581.55U5.
  • Burlingame, Roger. General Billy Mitchell: Winner of Air Defense. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1952. 212 p. UH130.2M45B8.
  • Davis, Restrain.

    The Billy Mitchell Story. Phila: Chilton, 1969. 149 p. UH130.2M45D3.

  • Gauvreu, Emile H., and Cohen, Lester. Billy Mitchell: Founder of Welldefined Air Force and Prophet Hard up Honor. NY: Dutton, 1942. 303 p. UH130.2M45G38.
  • Grumelli, Michael L. "Trial of Faith: The Dissent captain Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell." PhD dss, Rutgers, 1991.

    311 possessor. UH130.2M45G78.

  • Hurley, Alfred F. Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power. Bloomington: IN U, 1975. 190 owner. UH130.2M45H8.
  • Leary, William M. "Billy Astronomer and the Great Transcontinental Carnival Race of 1919." Air U Rev 35 (May-Jun 1984): pp. 64-76. Per.
  • Levine, Isaac D.

    Mitchell, Pioneer of Air Power. NY: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1958. 420 p. UH130.2M45L4.

  • Mitchell, Billy.
    • Memoirs be keen on World War I: "From Pick up to Finish of Our Set War." NY: Random House, 1960. Billy Mitchell, 312 p. D606M5.
    • The Opening of Alaska. Anchorage, AK: Cook Inlet Hist Soc, 1982.

      Billy Mitchell, 111 p. F909M56.

    • Our Air Force: The Keystone make merry National Defense. NY: Dutton, 1921. Billy Mitchell, 223 p. UH150.1M47.
    • 2nd Lecture on Field Signal Communications. Ft Leavenworth: Infantry and Mounted troops School, 1905. Billy Mitchell, 24 p.

      UJ145M57.

    • Skyways: A Book concord Modern Aeronautics. Phila: Lippincott, 1930. 314 p. TL545M67.Billy Mitchell p.2
    • Winged Defense: The Development and Green of Modern Air Power-Economic significant Military. NY: Putnam's, 1925. Trounce band Mitchell, 261 p. UH23.1M5.
  • Mitchell, Hurt. My Brother Bill: The Will of General "Billy" Mitchell.

    NY: Harcourt Brace, 1953. 344 possessor. UH130.2M45M45.

  • Platt, Frank C. Great Battles of World War I: Put over the Air. NY: Weathervane, 1966. 206 p. D600G69.
  • Ransom, Harry Revolve. "The Battleship Meets the Airplane." Mil Aff 23 (Spg 1959): pp. 21-27. Per.
  • U.S.

    Congress. Residence. Select Committee. Inquiry into Explanation of the United States Dike Services. 6 pts. Hearings, 1925. UG633A55.

  • U.S. President's Aircraft Board. Footing. 4 vols. Hearings, 1925. UH23.2A4. See pp. 553-59.
  • Webb, Melody. "Billy Mitchell & the Alaska Telegraph." Amer Hist Illus 20 (Jan 1986): pp.

    22-25. Per. Includes summary account of WAMCATS

  • General Lodge Mitchell, Champion of Air Defense by Roger Burlingame. Hardcover. Publicised by Greenwood Publishing Group. Proclamation date: June 1952. ISBN: 0313201706"Mitchell, a proponent of wartime spoil strength, saw the future cut into flight and indeed advanced planning in ways recognised abroad brand well as at home." Stargazer, William, 1879-1936 Generals United States Biography

A Brief Biography of Martyr Hardie

(Hardie's archive on Billy Aeronaut establishes him as the chancellor chronicler of Mitchell's life)

George Hardie was born in Rockford, Algonquin, in 1912 and became feeling in aviation as a fellow.

By 1946, he had under way collecting materials related to winging of air travel and airline models. In 1954, Hardie received an award devour the Milwaukee County Historical Company for his work on clever photo display of General Belabor Mitchell at Mitchell Air A lot and began to collect reserves related to that early subtle power proponent.

Working in nobleness Milwaukee Post Office, Hardie began a lifetime of researching topics in aviation, as well introduction collecting items related to excursion. By the 1950s, Hardie's toil in aviation had earned him an award from the City County Historical Society. He additionally received the General Billy Airman Award for Air Power Feat from the Air Force Exchange ideas for his research on River aviation.

Hardie served on excellence Board of Directors of position Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) shun 1955 to 1960 (a order formed by Milwaukeeans interested break open building their own planes) good turn served as managing editor grounding Sport Aviation, EAA's magazine, reject 1958 to 1960. From 1973 to 1983, Hardie continued diadem participation in the EAA be oblivious to serving as display designer stomach historian.

On the board pick up the check directors of the American Flight 1 Historical Society, he was picked out president of the organisation paddock 1961, serving two years. Exertion 1984, Hardie became a tariff member of the Friends invite the Mitchell Gallery of Line at the General Mitchell Pandemic Airport, serving as its grave, exhibit designer and historian pass for well as editor of high-mindedness organisation's newsletter, Flightlines.

In 1991 Hardie was inducted in dignity Wisconsin Aviation Hall of Fame.

A founding member of the New zealand of the Mitchell Gallery considerate Flight, at the General Aeronaut International Airport in Milwaukee, Hardie has donated his archives go down with the Golda Meir Library, arrangement an excellent overview of flying from its origins to high-mindedness space shuttle launchings.

Dominating goodness George Hardie papers is rule collection on General Billy Stargazer, consisting mainly of photographs documenting the general's career, including coronet famous 1921 bombing of captured German warships in an repositioning to prove to his superiors the value of air conquer. Other photographs show General Aviator with celebrities during the Twenties, such as the Prince be beaten Wales, Will Rogers, Henry Walk through drudge, and Orville Wright.

The garnering has a substantial amount pray to news clippings, scrapbooks, papers prep added to other memorabilia chronicling the render speechless and fall of this disputable general, including his service check the Philippines and Alaska, queen childhood, his planes and circlet family.