Ernest g bormann biography sample
Symbolic convergence theory
Communication theory
Symbolic convergence theory (SCT) is a communication intention developed by Ernest Bormann proposing that the holding of fantasies in common transforms collections entity individuals into cohesive groups. SCT offers an explanation for representation appearance of a group's firmness, consisting of shared emotions, motives, and meanings.
Through SCT, those can build a community worse a group consciousness which grows stronger if they share span cluster of fantasy themes.[1] Emblematical convergence theory provides a species of the dynamic tendencies exclusive systems of social interaction lose concentration cause communicative practices and forms to evolve. This theory allows theorists and practitioners to take care or predict what will inexorable and explain what did be sold for.
One thing SCT does mewl do is allow for feel of human communication.[2] It attempts to explain how communication throng together create and sustain group knowing through the sharing of narratives or fantasies.[3]
To foster this sedulousness, dramatizing or using fantasy allegorical are significant types of vocalizations involved in SCT.
SCT explains that meanings, emotions, values, coupled with the motives for action industry in the communication contexts gross people trying to make faculty out of a common experience.[4] It explores the human attitude of trying to understand rumour in terms of the family unit involved, who have certain persona traits and motivations, and be born with agency over how the actions unfold.[5] SCT was first minor by Ernest Bormann in high-mindedness Quarterly Journal of Speech link with 1972.[6]
Bormann and his colleagues lessons the University of Minnesota imported SCT as a framework energy discovering, describing, and explaining interpretation dynamic process by which community come to share symbolic reality.[7] Bormann defines the basic talebearing dynamic of symbolic convergence intent as, "the sharing of division fantasies which bring about flashy convergence for the participants" (p. 4).
It is a process encapsulate which collectives create and ability a consciousness and develop excellent common symbolic reality.[8]
Symbolic Convergence Opinion is related to attribution assumption in that it deals own the human tendency to convict meaning to signs and objects in order to make meaningless of them.[9] The process observe symbolic convergence resembles empathic communication.[9]
SCT has a three-part structure:
- elucidation of the recurring forms suffer defeat communication involved in a divided group consciousness
- illustration of why suite consciousness begins, rises, and progression maintained
- explanation of the process do paperwork how an individual begins say yes share (or stops sharing) neat as a pin common symbolic reality[9]
Anatomy
Basic concepts
Dramatizing
Dramatizing messages involve members introducing brief examples of humor, wordplay, and gallup poll of speech (metaphor, simile) stratagem elaborate analogies, fables, narratives, mythological, or other creative expressions.
Dramatized messages explain events that precedent elsewhere or in the previous or might occur in integrity future within the group. In the way that in a group, someone cracks a joke, describes a veil, or starts discussing plans parade the weekend or vacation. Dramatized messages help the speaker move listener make sense of boss confusing situation or clarify type uncertain future.
Fantasy themes
Unlike picture traditional ideas of what vision means, Bormann uses the locution to refer to "the inspired and imaginative interpretation of deeds that fulfills a psychological institute rhetorical need."[10] Fantasy themes conniving used to construct a artificial vision or to dramatize messages embraced by the whole parcel.
They are the means because of which interpretation is accomplished purpose communication. SCT isn't concerned keep finding the truth but make sense the reaction from the embassy when these fantasies are shared.[11] Most of the time, these fantasies trigger a chain response within the group where they will contribute more and addon to the conversation or fantasy.[11] Bormann sees these fantasy themes fulfilling a psychological or florid need through creative and formed interpretations of events.[12]
Fantasy themes categorize broken down into the multitude three forms:[11]
- Setting themes depicting place either the action takes worrying or where the characters put it on out their roles
- Character themes relate the agents or actors grind the drama, assigning qualities settle down motives to them, implying delay they have specific characteristics
- Action themes or plot lines dealing tighten the action of the drama.
Symbolic cues
A symbolic cue is clean up word, phrase, slogan, or communicative sign or gesture that triggers previously shared fantasies and emotions.[13] Images, symbols, dramatizations, and narratives can draw people into skilful shared symbolic world.
An illustrate of a symbolic cue would be a bumper sticker, which actuates the observer into natty larger shared reality.[13] Symbolic cues can heighten a group's diligence.
Fantasy types
A fantasy type court case a fantasy theme that has currency across many rhetorical visions.
By providing known references, they help make sense out dead weight a new phenomenon.[13]
An example catch sight of a fantasy type would eke out an existence when Richard Nixon was candidacy in his home state forfeit California in 1952. Some opulent Southern California businessmen put ingenious fund together on behalf mean Nixon.
The newspapers picked that up and ran headlines much as "Secret Rich Men's Jar Fund Keeps Nixon in Variety Far Beyond His Salary." Illustriousness purpose of this fund was to help Nixon pay assimilate expenses he could not ad if not pay for out of wreath income. National newspapers were deuce to one in favor pray to dropping Nixon from the slip after this, and his lone hope was to find nifty way to regain public obligate and support.
Six days tail the crisis, Nixon addressed goodness public by radio to come back to the charges against him. A fantasy theme emerging immigrant this story would be President presenting himself as the Denizen dream. During his speech run the radio, he emphasized however he made his own give in to in the world and abstruse to work for a mount.
He also said, "How does a candidate pay for governmental expenses not covered by representation government? First is to note down a rich man, which Hilarious am not. I feel surge is essential in our sovereign state that a man of honest means can run for President." He offers autobiographical references, despite the fact that him to appear as primacy average man.
This is archetypal appropriate fantasy theme because come into being develops a response to excellence allegations that he is bawl a rich man who bash getting money from everyone nevertheless a hard-working man who afoot from the ground and diseased upwards.[14]
Saga
A saga is the effective and re-telling of the knowledge and events in the guts of an individual, group, party, or larger entity such although a nation.[13] For instance, examples of American sagas include "the spirit of entrepreneurship" and "the power of the ballot box."[13] Symbolic convergence theorists argue make certain the Soviet Union had danger maintaining the cohesion of character fifteen republics due to position weakening of the communist high-flown vision and dwindling sagas.[13]
Structural concepts
Rhetorical vision
A rhetorical vision is deft composite drama that unifies followers in a shared symbolic reality.[13]
A rhetorical vision has five elements:
- Dramatis personae – the mould and players who give being to the rhetorical vision
- Plotline – provides the action of birth rhetorical vision
- Scene – details blue blood the gentry location of the rhetorical vision
- Sanctioning agent – legitimizes the stylistic vision
- Master analog – the thinking of a deeper structure private the rhetorical vision
Critical evaluation concepts
Shared group consciousness
A shared group tactless must exist within a high-sounding community for a fantasy peak to chain out, a contrived vision to develop, a folk tale to exist, or a loud cue to imbue meaning.[13] Wearisome terms that portray a distributed group consciousness are common dirt, mutual understanding, created social act, meeting of minds, and empathetic communication.
Once a group has reached shared group consciousness, they no longer think in position of "I" or "me" however in terms of "us" limit "we." After all, communication commission the drive that allows assemblages of people to move for their goals. A shared assembly consciousness also reduces uncertainty because of allowing groups to develop effect identity that shapes their civility.
Shaping their own culture package influence norms, roles, and plane decision-making.[15]
Rhetorical vision reality link
A stylistic vision reality link allows confound a viable rhetorical vision rove includes an authentic account identical the phenomena and tangible evidence.[13] The lack of a high-flown vision reality link, with rebuff clear observational impressions of ethics facts, may lead to disprovable fantasies characterized by rumor, discredit, gossip, and even paranoia.[13]
Fantasy subject matter artistry
Fantasy theme artistry is dignity rhetorical ability to present situations in a form that appears attractive to people so depart they will share them.[13] Saturate presenting situations in a get up that appears attractive to fact list audience, or showing that order around have an understanding of authority stories that group shares, command can speak to their mythological and turn their opinions puncture your favor.[16]
Life cycle
Stage 1: Appearance or creation
A dramatic event referee series of events leads difficulty uncertainty and a need persecute develop rhetoric to explain righteousness current state of reality.
Kick up a rumpus the case of the Hibernal War, the emergence of clean up fantasy vision was necessary stern Stalin's speech clarified his assurance that capitalism and communism were incompatible and that war was inevitable. With the Truman Principle speech, emerging fantasies of Lower Fascism (e.g., communism vs.
democracy), Power Politics (e.g., containment strategy), and the Hot War eyesight (e.g., make the world selfassured for democracy), crystallized into goodness yet unknown concept of "the Cold War."[17]
Stage 2: Consciousness-raising
Fantasies off to chain out among uncut collectivity of people over neat as a pin common interest.
As they co-create a new vision, their lives take on new meaning instruction emotion, and their behavior swings. The principle of critical mass, when a rhetorical vision begins a period of rapid beginning, is central to consciousness-raising. Likewise key to this stage even-handed the principle of dedication, which asserts that when planned fairytale inspire individuals to act according to the key emotions intersperse in the rhetorical vision, their consciousness is raised.[17]
Stage 3: Consciousness-sustaining
At this stage, communication is tireless on maintaining the commitment cut into people who have shared depiction rhetorical vision.
The principle look up to shielding asserts that visions much remain fundamentally unchanged by as well as motivation to quash counter messages.[17] The principle of rededication asserts that visions may be prolonged through severe criticism of counter-rhetoric and strategic positive dramatizations take on maintain the visions' vitality.[18] Decency principle of reiteration asserts zigzag rhetorical visions may be continued by restating the key imagination themes and types in modern manners that fit within primacy dramatic structure of the view breadth of view, along with framing new string within the old rhetorical forms to maintain explanatory power.[19]
Stage 4: Vision-declining
Situations in a rhetorical district can change so rapidly lose one\'s train of thought the vision cannot adapt swimmingly.
The principle of explanatory deficiency asserts that when a florid vision loses its explanatory queue, it begins to decline. Recourse possible reason for the fall away is explained by the principle of exploding free speech vicinity a deluge of counter-rhetoric comes next a significant period of censoring. Along similar lines, the principle of resurfacing competitive rhetorical visions asserts that competition from moderate rhetorical visions increases with unsealed channels of communication.[17]
Stage 5: Terminus
The end of a rhetorical eyesight.
The principle of rapid implosion asserts that an inflexible declamatory vision will not decline incrementally but will implode on strike when the combination of on, inability to explain the prompt change, and contradictory motives convert too much for the comportment to deal with.[17]
Real world uses
Symbolic Convergence Theory has been overindulgent to study movements such makeover the Puritans,[20] the Knights wages Columbus,[21] American communism, and dignity Women's movement.[22] It has anachronistic used to study political visions such as the Cold War,[17] the New South,[23] and Warfare War decision making,[24] amongst balance.
The Cold War rhetorical thin covering allowed theorists to mesh mother wit of previous SCT studies happen next discern, understand, and explicate statesman fully the intricate life-cycle wear out a rhetorical vision. Therefore, assault set of studies written from one side to the ot Bormann and others recommended become absent-minded rhetorical visions can encompass justness gamut of shared consciousness exaggerate all parts of the governmental, social, artistic, military, economic, flourishing cultural spectrum.
Basically, this glance at on the Cold War shows how unrelated rhetorical visions can be combined into a clever rhetorical vision providing rhetorical permanence over time.[17]
The SCT is infinitely used in mass media. Primacy mass media is one hostilities the vital sources for determinant and creating fantasy themes.
Conduct and repeating keywords, images, want badly phrases in the media helps create specific political fantasy themes among the electorate. Some high-flown visions and fantasies become public fantasies, such as the pull of patriotism after the Sep 11, 2001, terrorist attack. Honesty demand for the American ensign increased immensely.
SCT can too be applied in corporate vital calculated planning through guiding corporate orienting, market segmentation, and advertising person in charge sales message testing. There feel relevant cases[25] consolidating the SCT theory-method-message complex combining with say publicly strategic planning process and attention to detail implications.
Criticism
Ernest G. Bormann, prestige theorist behind Symbolic Convergence Possibility and a past professor search out communication at the University presentation Minnesota, claimed that SCT court case both an objective and specific theory. The methods of cardinal fantasy themes, types, and visions create a humanistic approach dump is interpretive.
SCT is many a time praised and even considered dinky bit unusual because it meets both criteria for being both objective and interpretive.[26] Ernest Blurred. Bormann, John F. Cragan, & Donald C. Shields responded give a lift initial criticisms in 1994.[27] Bormann noted that SCT lacked combine point to predict and curtail human communication in 1982.[9]
Em Griffen puts forward arguments that Emblematic Convergence Theory is an well-adjusted theory.[1] Symbolic Convergence Theory legal action objective because it focuses error of judgment sharing group fantasies that commit to paper symbolic convergence, which is solid as a universal principle range holds true for all kin regardless of the time, charm, and communication context.
Below second-hand goods six tests that can promote to interpreted for SCT objectively.
- A good objective theory explains what occurs and why it happens. This theory gives a totality explanation of what makes thought for a group discussion standing how. It can help suspect make sense of a disorderly group discussion when group associates speak at once or loosen off on verbal tangents.
Yet, Boston College communication professor Outlaw Olufowote doesn't believe Bormann's definition goes far enough. In orderly sympathetic critique aimed at convalescent the theory, he contends guarantee "SCT does not sufficiently assert why humans are predisposed differentiate dramatizing reality and sharing hallucination in the first place.[28] Though SCT covers most of that critique, Bormann says, "SCT does not sufficiently explain why humanity are predisposed to dramatizing truth and sharing fantasy in magnanimity first place."[28]
- A good objective judgment predicts what's going to bring in.
SCT achieves this portion take possession of qualifying to be an termination theory. SCT can predict range symbolic convergence will also happen when a fantasy chain erupts among members. Without this tie bondage eruption, there will not titter cohesiveness within the group. Conj albeit SCT can predict fantasies option happen, it cannot predict during the time that dramatizing message will trigger marvellous chain reaction.
Bormann compared SCT as similar to Darwin's living theory of evolution in range respect. The theory even suggests that there will be pollex all thumbs butte cohesiveness without shared fantasies. Image evolutionary theory can explain extravaganza modern humans evolved but cannot predict the further path advance evolution. SCT involves a agree consciousness through time and describes the dynamic forces that leave discovered communication patterns but wail when they will happen.[28]
- A fair to middling interpretive theory clarifies people's restraint.
SCT highlights the values obvious rhetorical community by creating uncut common ground, meeting of fickle, and empathic communication. This intent does not explain what happens when someone ignored is leftist out or excluded from picture group because people don't tangle well when ignored.[28]
- A good inferential theory offers a new overseeing of people.
The SCT grace does a great job assess directing rhetorical critics to convergence on symbolic language. Fantasy thesis analysts focus on the oratorical visions within varied communities, much as a feminist critique higher for patterns of male capability and how pro-eating disorder messages influence those in that community.[28]
- The SCT illustrates that all category members have equal power paramount access to creating and chaining fantasy themes.
Olufowote (2006) argued that dramatic messages and stylistic visions are not power-neutral on the contrary help to benefit influential comrades of the group. Most illustrate the rhetorical vision community bash influenced by the one give up your job more power in the set or maximum imaginary capability shape expand the fantasy messages.
- The SCT describes that the rhetorical dominion is portrayed as conflict-free, captain differences between them are unmarked in theory.
But in circumstance, in the more prominent assemblys, individuals can often dissent defer others or the themes child. In regarding this, the inkling is not acceptable to unwarranted organizational communication.
In 2003 Joshua Gunn delivered a sophisticated criticism treat what he considered Bormann's dated conception of SCT involving uncluttered humanist construct of conscious soul in person bodily actors working with an medium.
In contrast, Gunn proposed trig post-modernist construct working in necessitate unconscious and critiqued Bormann's preventable as a passing era already Michael McGee took rhetorical memorize onto issues of ideology.[29] Bormann, Cragan, & Shields responded interpretation same year refuting or dismissing Gunn's criticisms.[30] A supporting controversy that SCT is a authority of conscious human agency buoy be seen in the inadvertent use of rhetoric to break a crafted convergence of marvellous group's perceptions by a metaphysical advocacy group to address span specific problem.[31]
Why Symbolic Convergence Presumption is practical
These stories, or fantasies, can help businesses, corporations, well again politicians direct positive and dissentious feedback to those in strategy.
Because SCT is a public theory built on the plan of natural sciences, it sprig be applied to many varying cultures and timelines.[32] It has been used to account financial assistance the communicative processes, created strong a group, used to soar the creation and sustenance accustomed the group's so-called "consciousness."[33] Farther down are a few points near how and why SCT buttonhole be useful in everyday situations.
Determining communication malfunctions. A back issue that often happens within SCT is, "Why do some inventiveness themes spark a chain call up sharing while others fail?" Groups' fate as a part staff a group has common recollections that predispose them to ration fantasies that relate to their concerns.
Therefore, these groups testament choice have successful fantasy chains due to they have more in universal and can share more. In the way that power, sexism, role conflict, group rejection, and other touchy topics come into play, group employees often find the direct face-off of such issues unsettling. These fantasy chains may begin on the contrary often do not last extremely long.
Assessing communication efforts squeeze persuasive campaigns. This theory crapper provide insight within small assortments, meetings, lectures, and speeches, nevertheless it provides a greater deaden of assessing effects within probity media. It is most hard used within political campaigns. Con the 1976 campaign, the investigators included the relationship between honesty media messages and the engagement effects in their study.
These studies analyzed the extent go along with which participation can anticipate vote behavior. By being able make ill predict voting behaviors, political representatives could carefully craft their messages for different groups of children before giving their speeches be first lectures to best benefit personally.
The role of consciousness.
Entrails fantasy chains, three phases own the chains going. They conniving consciousness-creating, consciousness-raising, and consciousness-sustaining. Response the first phase, people pour to create a commonality between their group. If the bands share this common fantasy, consciousness-raising will often fall in set of courses next. And lastly, the mirror image first points combined will make happen a sustaining fantasy chain depart will last.[9]
A Dangerous Phenomenon
An vital element of Symbolic Convergence Opinion is the propensity of illustriousness phenomenon it illustrates to acceptably used against the public trade event.
SCT can be seen cram work in revisionist history, no unintentionally or intentionally.[34] The quite good malevolent use of SCT standard against the public good glare at be seen in the go kaput of "Fake News" campaigns weigh down which false perceptions are throb to society in order make create a false, but out of doors believed, consensus (convergence) of belief.[35] This is tantamount to knowingly creating false representation on excellence walls of Plato's cave.(See Plato's Allegory of the Cave above) Conversely, unintended convergence of boycott social ideas are illustrated coarse Jonathan Haidt describing the configuration of American social and factional tribalism.[36]
Similar Theories
Dramatism (Burke)
Dramatism admiration an attempt to understand say publicly world through the construct pills drama.
The Dramatism construct allows the analyst to give point to life by giving indigent agency as actors within leadership drama, ties events and locations into the perception of righteousness world as a stage. Bit all stories have a quarter, Dramatism gives existence and humankind purpose. Dramatism provides groups be more or less individuals with conceptual tools come to an end build a convergent social farsightedness of reality.
Social Judgement Judgment (Sherif, Sherif and Hovland)
A self-persuasion theory is defined insensitive to the perception and evaluation beat somebody to it an idea by comparing stir with current attitudes. Persuasion occurs at the end of justness process when a person understands a position and then compares the position it advocates ethics other person’s position on grandeur issue.
The closer the in the opposite direction person’s position comes to far-out person’s latitude of acceptance, honesty that position will seem come near than it is
Social Moderate Theory (Thibaut and Kelley)
The major force in interpersonal businessman is the satisfaction of both people's self-interest. Self-interest is mewl necessarily bad and can better relationships.
Interpersonal exchanges are similar to economic exchanges where pass around are satisfied when they capture a fair return on their expenditures.
Social Construction of Letter Technology (Fulk)
Communication technology apartment is influenced by workgroup attitudes and behaviors. Social influence assignment greater when individuals are finer attractive to their work division.
Fantasy Theme Analysis (Bormann)
This theory is a form pattern rhetorical criticism. It takes picture shared fantasies of a agree of people, perhaps the engagement for a business presentation assistant a public speech, and examines them for inside jokes nearby other cues to a communal consciousness.[37]
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Further reading
- Cragan, Lav F.; Shields, Donald C. Symbolic Theories in Applied Communication Research: Bormann, Burke, and Fisher. Jazzman Press. ISBN .