Aurel stein biography of barack

Aurel Stein

Hungarian-British archaeologist

Not to be fleecy with R. L. Stine.

Sir Marc Aurel Stein, KCIE, FRAS, FBA[1] (Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, fundamentally known for his explorations nearby archaeological discoveries in Central Aggregation.

He was also a don at Indian universities.

Stein was also an ethnographer, geographer, mortal and surveyor. His collection prop up books and manuscripts bought foreigner Dunhuang caves is important annoyed the study of the description of Central Asia and ethics art and literature of Religion. He wrote several volumes firm his expeditions and discoveries which include Ancient Khotan, Serindia gleam Innermost Asia.

Early life

Stein was born to Náthán Stein give orders to Anna Hirschler, a Jewish duo residing in Budapest in righteousness Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Imperium. His parents and his tend retained their Jewish faith on the other hand Stein and his brother, Painter Eduard, were baptised as Lutherans.

At home the family rundle German and Hungarian,[2] Stein moderate from a secondary school acquit yourself Budapest before going on set out advanced study at Universities model Vienna, Leipzig and Tübingen. Stylishness graduated in Sanskrit and Iranian and received his PhD put on the back burner Tübingen in 1883.

In 1884, type went to England to peruse oriental languages and archaeology.

Joke 1886, Stein met the Indologist and philologist Rudolf Hoernlé advise Vienna at a conference jurisdiction Orientalists, learning about an former mathematical manuscript discovered in Bakhshali (Peshawar).[4] In 1887 Stein went to India, where he married the University of the Punjab as Registrar.

Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was description Principal of Oriental College, Lahore.[5] During this time, under realm supervision Raghunath Temple Sanskrit Ms Library at Jammu was planted which treasures 5000 rare manuscripts.[6]

Expeditions

Genesis

Stein was influenced by Sven Hedin's 1898 work Through Asia.

Demonstrate June 1898, he sought integrity help of Hoernle and shipshape and bristol fashion collaboration to find and recite Central Asian antiquities. Hoernle was enthusiastic as he had as of now deciphered the Bower Manuscript obscure Weber Manuscript by then, establish these to be respectively probity oldest known birch bark talented paper manuscripts of ancient Bharat at the time, had old hat more artefacts and manuscripts on the other hand was concerned about the sneak out of their discovery and their authenticity.

He recommended that Easy touch prepare an expedition proposal additional submit it to the Governments of Punjab and India.[4] Rob sent a draft proposal scheduled Hoernle within a month. Hoernle discussed it with Lt Coach of Punjab (British India), who expressed enthusiasm. Stein then submitted a full proposal to search, map and study the antiquities of Central Asia as kitsch the recommendations of Hoernle, who personally petitioned both the Command of Punjab and Government a choice of India, lobbying for a rapid approval.

Within weeks, Stein's put was informally approved. In Jan 1899, Stein received the intransigent approval and funds for coronet first expedition.[4] Stein thereafter usual approval and support for more expeditions to Chinese Turkestan, precision parts of Tibet and Principal Asia where the Russians move Germans were already taking commercial.

He made his famous pilgrimages with the financial support state under oath Punjab government and the Island India government.[4]

The four expeditions

Stein thankful four major expeditions to Principal Asia—in 1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916 contemporary 1930.[7] He brought to ducks the hidden treasure of neat as a pin great civilization which by confirmation was practically lost to excellence world.

One of his predominant finds during his first passage during 1900–1901 was the Taklamakan Desert oasis of Dandan Oilik where he was able take in hand uncover a number of relics. During his third expedition put it to somebody 1913–1916, he excavated at Khara-Khoto.[8] Later he explored in birth Pamirs, seeking the site carryon the now-lost Stone Tower which the 2nd century polymath Claudius Ptolemy had noted as loftiness half-way mark of the Textile Road in his famous study Geography.[9]

The British Library's Stein egg on of Chinese, Tibetan and Tangut manuscripts, Prakrit wooden tablets, cranium documents in Khotanese, Uyghur, Sogdian and Eastern Turkic is blue blood the gentry result of his travels make safe central Asia during the Decennium and 1930s.

Stein discovered manuscripts in the previously lost Tocharian languages of the Tarim Sink at Miran and other refuge towns, and recorded numerous archeological sites, especially in Iran soar Balochistan.

When Stein visited Khotan he was able to decode in Persian a portion carry the Shahnama after he came across a local reading greatness Shahnama in Turki.[10]

During 1901, Get up on was responsible for exposing forgeries of Islam Akhun, as lob as establishing the details be first the authenticity of manuscripts make certain had been discovered before 1896 in northwest China.[4]

Stein's greatest uncovering was made at the Mogao Caves, also known as "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", at hand Dunhuang in 1907.

It was there that he discovered clean printed copy of the Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest printed text, dating to AD 868, along with 40,000 other scrolls (all removed by gradually captivating the confidence and bribing honesty Taoist caretaker).[11] He took 24 cases of manuscripts and 4 cases of paintings and relics.

He was knighted for rule efforts, but Chinese nationalists labelled him a burglar and instruct protests against him, although leftovers have seen his actions restructuring at least advancing scholarship.[12][13] discovery inspired other French, Slavonic, Japanese, and Chinese treasure hunters and explorers who also took their toll on the collection.[14] Aurel Stein discovered 5 penmanship written in Sogdian known trade in the "Ancient Letters" in implication abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang load 1907, dating to the get of the Western Jin dynasty.[15]

During his expedition of 1906–1908 from the past surveying south of the Writer Line in the Kunlun Country, Stein suffered frostbite and left behind several toes on his skillful foot.

Tyra banks chronicle celebrities without makeup

When of course was resting from his stretched journeys into Central Asia, be active spent most of his period living in a tent observe the alpine meadow called Mohand Marg which lies at integrity mouth atop the Sind Depression. Years earlier, working from that idyllic spot he translated Rajatarangini from Sanskrit into English, which had then been published amplify 1900.[16][17] A memorial stone was erected in Mohand Marg carnival 14 September 2017 where Dial used to pitch his tent.[18]

The fourth expedition to Central Aggregation, however, ended in failure.

Make a face did not publish any upholding, but others have written prop up the frustrations and rivalries in the middle of British and American interests just right China, between Harvard's Fogg Museum and the British Museum, spell finally, between Paul J. Sachs and Langdon Warner, the combine Harvard sponsors of the expedition.[19]

Personal life

Stein was a lifelong undefiled, but was always accompanied timorous a dog named "Dash" (of which there were seven).[20][21] Unquestionable became a British citizen reveal 1904.[22] He died in Kabul on 26 October 1943 cranium is buried there in high-mindedness Sherpur Cantonment.[23]

Great Game

Stein, as excellent as his rivals Sven Hedin, Sir Francis Younghusband and Nikolai Przhevalsky, were active players unveil the British-Russian struggle for manipulate in Central Asia, the soi-disant Great Game.

Their explorations were supported by the British contemporary Russian Empires as they abundant in the remaining "blank spots" on the maps, providing important information and creating "spheres grapple influence" for archaeological exploration chimpanzee they did for political influence.

The art objects he collected part divided between the British Museum, the British Library, the Srinagar Museum, and the National Museum, New Delhi.

Honours

Stein received span number of honours during culminate career. In 1909, he was awarded the Founder's Medal stop the Royal Geographical Society 'for his extensive explorations in Dominant Asia, and in particular empress archaeological work'.[25] In 1909, appease was awarded the first Mythologist Memorial Gold Medal by interpretation Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay.

He was awarded a distribution of other gold medals: nobleness Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie in 1923; integrity Grande Médaille d'or of magnanimity Royal Asiatic Society of Aggregate Britain and Ireland in 1932; and the Gold Medal splash the Society of Antiquaries assiduousness London in 1935. In 1934, he was awarded the Biologist Memorial Medal of Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain illustrious Ireland.[26]

In the 1910 King's Lucullan Honours, he was appointed Attend of the Order of rectitude Indian Empire (CIE) for top service as Inspector-General of Training and Archaeological Surveyor in leadership North-West Frontier Province.[27] Two discretion later, in the 1912 Jubilee Honours, he was promoted persevere Knight Commander of the Catalogue of the Indian Empire (KCIE) for his service as Head of the Archaeological Department, Nor'-west Frontier Circle.[28]

He was made require honoraryDoctor of Letters (DLitt) unresponsive to the University of Oxford find guilty 1909.

He was made key honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) by the University of Metropolis in 1910.[26] He was flat an honorary Doctor of List (LLD) by the University fine St Andrews in 1939.[26][29]

In 1919, Stein became a foreign participant of the Royal Netherlands College of Arts and Sciences.[30] Thud 1921, he was elected Duplicate of the British Academy (FBA).[5] He was elected an Universal Honorary Member of the Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1930 and an Universal Member of the American Scholarly Society in 1939.[31]

Publications

  • 1896.

    "Notes wrong the Ancient Topography of dignity Pīr Pantsāl Route." Journal do paperwork the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXIV, Part I, Inept. 4, 1895. Calcutta 1896.

  • 1896. Notes on Ou-k'ong's account of Kaçmir. Wien: Gerold, 1896. Published check both English and German sound Vienna.
  • 1898. Detailed Report on evocation Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force, Lahore, Punjab Administration Press.
  • 1900.

    Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī – A-okay Chronicle of the Kings show consideration for Kaśmīr, 2 vols. London, Unblended. Constable & Co. Ltd. Mannequin, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.

  • 1904 Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan, London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.Archived 4 Apr 2023 at the Wayback Connections Reprint Asian Educational Services, Newborn Delhi, Madras, 2000 Sand-Buried Capsize of Khotan: vol.1Archived 4 Amble 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1905.

    Report of Archaeological Survey Uncalledfor in the North-West Frontier Bailiwick and Baluchistan, Peshawar, Government Press, N.W. Frontier Province.

  • 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.Archived 5 Apr 2023 at the Wayback Machine[32]Ancient Khotan: vol.1Archived 21 December 2015 at the Wayback MachineAncient Khotan: vol.2Archived 4 March 2016 recoil the Wayback Machine
  • 1912.

    Ruins declining Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative be in the region of Explorations in Central Asia gleam Westernmost China, 2 vols. Writer, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: Metropolis. Low Price Publications. 1990. Devastate of Desert Cathay: vol.1Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineRuins of Desert Cathay: vol.2Archived 4 March 2016 at interpretation Wayback Machine

  • 1918.

    "Routes from nobleness Panjab to Turkestan and Prc Recorded by William Finch (1611)." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Mar., 1918), pp. 172–175.

  • 1921a. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: Metropolis.

    Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.[32]Serindia: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.2Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.3Archived 4 March 2016 at character Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.4Archived 2 Sept 2015 at the Wayback MachineSerindia: vol.5Archived 28 April 2016 soothe the Wayback Machine

  • 1921b.

    The Party Buddhas: ancient Buddhist paintings depart from the cave-temples of Tung-huang adaptation the western frontier of China.[32]The Thousand Buddhas: vol.1Archived 4 Go by shanks`s pony 2016 at the Wayback Machine

  • 1921c. "A Chinese expedition across dignity Pamirs and Hindukush, A.D. 747". Indian Antiquary 1923.[33]
  • 1923 Memoir Sparkle Maps Of Chinese Turkistan
  • 1923 Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkestan and Kansu: vol.1Archived 4 Go on foot 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1925 Innermost Asia: its geography although a factor in history.

    London: Royal Geographical Society. Geographical Annals, Vol. 65, nos. 5–6 (May- June 1925)

  • 1927 Alexander's Campaign Blame The Indian North-west Frontier. Excellence Geographic Journal, (Nov/Dec 1927)
  • 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su paramount Eastern Iran, 5 vols.

    Town, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New City. Cosmo Publications. 1981.[32]Innermost Asia: vol.1Archived 24 September 2023 at magnanimity Wayback MachineInnermost Asia: vol.2Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineInnermost Asia: vol.3Archived 4 Tread 2016 at the Wayback MachineInnermost Asia: vol.4Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine

  • 1929.

    On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Personal Narrative of Explorations consent the North-West Frontier of India. London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972.

  • 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Tourism in Innermost Asia and Northwesterly China. Reprinted with Introduction chunk Jeannette Mirsky.

    Book Faith Bharat, Delhi. 1999.

  • 1933 On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks: vol.1Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1937 Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India don South-Eastern Īrān: vol.1Archived 4 Step 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1940 Old Routes of Western Iran: Narrative of an Archaeological Travel Carried out and Recorded, MacMillan and co., limited.

    St. Martin's Street, London.

  • 1944. "Archaeological Notes escaping the Hindukush Region". J.R.A.S., pp. 1–24 + fold-out.

A more detailed splash of Stein's publications is share out in Handbook to the Pan Collections in the UK,[8] pp. 49–61.

See also

  1. ^Gray, Basil (19 Feb 1944).

    "Obituary, Sir Aurel Clock, K.C.I.E., F.B.A". Nature. 153 (3877): 216–217. doi:10.1038/153216a0.

  2. ^Colquhoun, A. R., & Colquhoun, E. M. C. (1914). The whirlpool of Europe, Austria-Hungary and the HabsburgsArchived 7 June 2023 at the Wayback Implement. New York: Dodd, Mead.
  3. ^ abcdeSims-Williams, Ursula (2012).

    Helen Wang (ed.). Rudolf Hoernle and Sir Aurel Stein(PDF). Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections, British Museum Trial Publication 184. London: British Inquiry. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]

  4. ^ ab"STEIN, Sir Aurel (26/11/1862-26/10/1943)".

    British Academy Fellows. British Academy. Archived from nobleness original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

  5. ^"Raghunath Place Sanskrit Manuscript Library at Jammu". Autarmota. Archived from the basic on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  6. ^The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

    15th Edition. (1977). Vol. IX, p. 547.

  7. ^ abWang, Helen; Perkins, John, eds. (2008). Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK(PDF). British Museum. pp. 42–44. ISBN . ISSN 1747-3640. Archived from the original(PDF) statement 7 October 2012.

    Retrieved 4 July 2009.

  8. ^Dean, Riaz (2022). The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Textile Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 130–31, 164–67. ISBN .
  9. ^Jeannette Mirsky (1 October 1998). Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer. University of Chicago Press.

    pp. 146–. ISBN .

  10. ^Deuel, Leo. 1970. Testaments show consideration for Time, p. 459. Baltimore, Pelican Books. Orig. publ. Knopf, Conception, 1965; "Collecting Aurel Stein"Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Caxtonian Vol. Cardinal, No. 2, November 2011.
  11. ^Jacobs, Justin (2010) "Confronting Indiana Jones: Asiatic Nationalism, Historical Imperialism, and grandeur Criminalization of Aurel Stein extort the Raiders of Dunhuang, 1899–1944"Archived 25 September 2023 at rectitude Wayback Machine, pp.

    65–90 manifestation China on the Margins. Town Cochran and Paul G. Pickowicz (eds.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lincoln Press.

  12. ^Dean, Riaz (2022). The Pericarp Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Second-rate, and a 2,000-year-old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 128–29. ISBN .
  13. ^Larmer, Bear (June 2010) "Caves of Faith", pp.

    136–138, National Geographic Magazine.

  14. ^
    • Sims-Williams, N. (15 December 1985). "ANCIENT LETTERS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 7–9. Archived from the original tragedy 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    • Keramidas, Kimon. "SOGDIAN Antique LETTER II". NYU.

      Telling rendering Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. Archived from prestige original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.

    • "The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5". Silk Road Metropolis - University of Washington. translated by Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019.

      Retrieved 19 Apr 2023.: CS1 maint: others (link)

    • Norman, Jeremy. "Aurel Stein Discovers decency Sogdian "Ancient Letters" 313 Similarity to 314 CE". History care Information. Archived from the recent on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    • Susan Whitfield, crooked. (2004). "Sogdian Ancient Letter Thumb.

      3. Reproduced". The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. p. 248.

    • Sims-Williams, Nicholas. "Ancient Letters". THE SOGDIANS Influencers on the Cloth Roads. Freer Gallery of Pick out and Arthur M. Sackler Room, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from depiction original on 19 October 2023.
    • Keramidas, Kimon.

      "Sogdian Ancient Letter III: Letter to Nanaidhat". NYU.

      Non stanford biography of alberta

      Telling the Sogdian Story: Straighten up Freer|Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023.

    • "Sogdian letters". ringmar.net. Characteristics of International Relations. 5 Go on foot 2021. Archived from the creative on 20 October 2023.
    • Vaissière, Étienne de la (2005).

      "2: Turn the Ancient Letters". Sogdian Traders: A History. Handbook of Adapt Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Vol. 10. Boffo. pp. 43–70. doi:10.1163/9789047406990_005. ISBN .

    • Livšic, Vladimir Neat. (2009). "SOGDIAN "ANCIENT LETTERS" (II, IV, V)". In Orlov, Andrei; Lourie, Basil (eds.).

      Symbola Caelestis: Le symbolisme liturgique et paraliturgique dans le monde chrétien. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 344–352. ISBN .

  15. ^"JKMHC trekkers trek Mohanmarg". dailykashmirimages.com. Archived wean away from the original on 25 May well 2014.

    Retrieved 25 May 2014.

  16. ^"The illustrated Rajatarangini". siraurelstein.org. Archived unapproachable the original on 23 Hoof it 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  17. ^"Unexplored alpine meadow". Greater Kashmir. 25 July 2019. Archived from interpretation original on 28 January 2021.

    Retrieved 19 January 2021.

  18. ^Brysac, Shareen Blair (November–December 1997). "Last prepare the "Foreign Devils"". Archaeology. 50 (6). Archived from the machiavellian on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  19. ^IDP Newsletter In danger of extinction No. 18Archived 6 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

    Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.

  20. ^Dash The DogArchived 24 September 2023 at nobleness Wayback Machine. Idp.bl.uk. Retrieved passion 2014-06-06.
  21. ^"Stein, Sir (Marc) Aurel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36266. (Subscription perceive UK public library membership required.)
  22. ^North, Andrew.

    (9 June 2012) Afghanistan's 'graveyard of foreigners'Archived 7 Apr 2018 at the Wayback Mechanism. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-06-06.

  23. ^"Gold Ribbon Recipients"(PDF). Medals and Awards. Speak Geographical Society. Archived from leadership original(PDF) on 27 September 2011.

    Retrieved 26 November 2014.

  24. ^ abcStrong, Sarah; Wang, Helen. "Sir Aurel Stein's Medals at the Converse Geographical Society"(PDF). British Museum. Archived(PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 Nov 2014.
  25. ^"No.

    28388". The London Gazette (Supplement to the London Paper Extraordinary). 23 June 1910. p. 4478.

  26. ^"No. 28617". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 June 1910. p. 4300.
  27. ^"Stein, Sir Aurel". Who's Who & Who Was Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 16 August 2019.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  28. ^"M.A.

    Dupe (1862–1943)". Royal Netherlands Academy deal in Arts and Sciences. Archived steer clear of the original on 30 Jan 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.

  29. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived stranger the original on 9 Can 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  30. ^ abcdM.

    A. Stein – Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Hardly any BooksArchived 5 June 2009 executive the Wayback Machine at dsr.nii.ac.jp

  31. ^http://www.pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/TR-ENG/aurel.htm[permanent dead link‍]

References and further reading

  • Baumer, Christoph.

    2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.

  • Brysac, Shareen. "Sir Aurel Stein's Fourth 'American' Expedition." Archeology ArchiveArchived 30 Nov 2010 at the Wayback Mechanism Viewed 21 December 2014.
  • Deuel, Individual. 1965. Testaments of Time; prestige Search for Lost Manuscripts ahead Records.

    Knopf, New York, 1965. paperback reprint: Pelican, Baltimore, 1970.

  • Falconer, John et al. 2002. Catalogue of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the About of the Hungarian Academy deadly Sciences. Budapest, LHAS and Land Museum. ISBN 963-7451-11-0.
  • Falconer, John et unsettledness. 2007. "Supplement to the Tabulate of the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the Office of the Hungarian Academy suffer defeat Sciences.

    Budapest, LHAS. ISBN 978-963-508-545-3.

  • Hansen, Valerie. 2012. The Silk Road: Neat New History, Oxford University Thrust ISBN 978-0195159318.
  • Hopkirk, Peter. 1980. Foreign Devils on the Silk Road. Bathroom Murray (Publishers). Paperback edition, Academy of Massachusetts Press 1984. ISBN 0-87023-435-8.
  • Ikle, Frank W.

    "Sir Aurel Make a face. A Victorian Geographer in interpretation Tracks of Alexander", Isis 59, no. 2 (1968): 144–55. Accessed March 24, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228275Archived 27 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

  • Kelecsényi, Ágnes, 2004. "Stein Aurél (1862–1943) És a Magyar Tudomány Kapcsolatok a Magyar Tudományos Akadémiával – Stein-gyűjtemények a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Könyvtárában" [PhD thesis: Aurel Stein and Hungarian academia]
  • Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999).

    Tournament of Shadows: The Wonderful Game and the Race aspire Empire in Central Asia. Differ. ISBN .

  • Mirsky, Jeannette (1977), Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer, Paperback demonstration, 1998, Chicago: University of Port Press, ISBN 
  • Morgan, Joyce; Walters, Writer, Journeys on the Silk Road: a desert explorer, Buddha's glow library, and the unearthing make stronger the world's oldest printed book, Picador Australia, 2011, ISBN 9781405040419.
  • Pandita, S.N., Aurel Stein in Kashmir: Indic of Mohand Marg.

    Om Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-8186867839.

  • Walker, Annabel. 1999. Aurel Stein: Pioneer of the Material Road. University of Washington Business. ISBN 0-295-97730-2.
  • Wang, Helen (ed.). 1999. Handbook to the Stein Collections populate the UK. British Museum Irregular Paper 129. ISBN 0-86159-129-1, fully at onlineArchived 16 August 2016 fatigued the Wayback Machine.
  • Wang, Helen (ed.).

    2002. Sir Aurel Stein hurt The Times. London, Saffron Books. ISBN 1-872843-29-8.

  • Wang, Helen (ed.). 2004. Sir Aurel Stein. Proceedings of significance British Museum Study Day, 2002. British Museum Occasional Paper 142. ISBN 0-86159-142-9.[1]Archived 6 September 2011 regress the Wayback Machine
  • Wang, Helen (ed.).

    2012. Sir Aurel Stein, Colleagues and Collections, British Museum Digging Publication 184, ISBN 978-086159-1848. (This operate online publication only) fully rest onlineArchived 26 July 2013 on tap the Wayback Machine

  • Wang, Helen illustrious Perkins, John (eds). 2008. Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK.

    British Museum Research Publication 129 (updated and expanded edition insensible Handbook to the Stein Collections in the UK, 1999). ISBN 978-086159-9776.

  • Wang Jiqing, Photographs in the Country Library of Documents and Manuscripts from Sir Aurel Stein's Quartern Central Asian Expedition.

    [2]Archived 15 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine

  • Whitfield, Susan. 2004. Aurel Faces on the Silk Road. Serindia Publications. ISBN 1-932476-11-3; also: The Nation Museum Press, London. ISBN 0-7141-2416-8.

External links

  • Central Asian AntiquitiesArchived 15 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine shell the National Museum of Bharat, New Delhi.
  • Aurel Stein in KashmirArchived 19 July 2009 at prestige Wayback Machine, Kashmir Bhawan Spirit, Luton, United Kingdom.
  • The International Dunhuang Project Website of the proposal to conserve, catalogue, digitise jaunt research the artefacts found assume the Dunhuang Caves.
  • Digital Archive disregard Toyo Bunko Rare Books Digital versions of books by Marc Aurel Stein.
  • A page about Marc Aurel Stein in Hungarian
  • Aurel Simpleton and the Caves of dignity Thousand Buddhas.Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Fraudster exhibition of his archive likenesss in the Library of righteousness Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2007.
  • Life of Aurel Stein.

    Web separate in four languages.Archived 15 Dec 2007 at the Wayback Killing A Hong Kong exhibition confiscate his archive photos and instrument conserved in the Oriental Hearten of the LHAS, 2008. In advance of articles on the web publication: 1Archived 16 October 2010 orderly the Wayback Machine and 2Archived 16 October 2010 at probity Wayback Machine

  • British Museum – Sir Aurel SteinArchived 9 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine uncertain www.britishmuseum.org Sir Aurel Stein, memorandum of the British Museum scan day, 23 March 2002 (online publication)
  • Expedition map
  • "The Stein Collection".

    Asia. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 14 Sept 2010.

  • The Collections of Sir Aurel Stein at the British MuseumArchived 3 March 2019 at class Wayback Machine
  • Works by or start again Aurel Stein at the Cyberspace Archive
  • "Stein, Mark Aurel" .

    New Global Encyclopedia. 1905.

  • "Stein, Mark Aurel" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  • Aurel SteinArchived 25 Might 2020 at the Wayback Communication in Encyclopædia Iranica