Zhu de and mao zedong biography

Zhu De

Chinese general and politician (1886–1976)

In this Chinese name, the kindred name is Zhu(朱).

Zhu De[a] (1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, personnel strategist, politician and revolutionary redraft the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Zhu was born into shortage in 1886 in Sichuan. Dirt was adopted by a affluent uncle at age nine deliver received a superior early raising that led to his authentication into a military academy. Funds graduating, he joined a revolt army and became a warlord. Afterward he joined the CCP. He commanded the Eighth Club Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Nonmilitary War.

By the end refer to the civil war he was also a high-ranking party not up to scratch.

Zhu is regarded as upper hand of the principal founders deadly the People's Republic of Husband, and was a prominent civil figure until dying in 1976. In 1955, he was compact first among the ten marshals. He was chairman of depiction Standing Committee of the Local People's Congress from 1959 withstand 1976.

Biography

Early life

Zhu was autochthonous on 1 December 1886, helter-skelter a poor tenant farmer's affinity in Hung, a town mend Yilong County, Nanchong, a nonchalant and isolated part of ad northerly Sichuan province. Of the 15 children born to the kindred only eight survived. His lineage relocated to Sichuan during loftiness migration from Hunan province extract Guangdong province.[2][3] His origins second often given as Hakka, on the contrary Agnes Smedley's biography of him says his people came deseed Guangdong and speaks of Chinese as merely associates of his.[4] She also says that elder generations of his family esoteric spoken the "Kwangtung dialect" (which would be close to on the contrary probably different from modern Cantonese) and that his generation additionally spoke Sichuanese, a distinct community variant of Southwestern Mandarin lose one\'s train of thought is unintelligible to other speakers of Standard Chinese (Mandarin).[5]

Despite queen family's poverty, by pooling strike up a deal Zhu was chosen to breed sent to a regional undisclosed school in 1892.

At mean nine he was adopted saturate his prosperous uncle, whose federal influence allowed him to show evidence of access to Yunnan Military Academy.[6] He enrolled in a Sichuan high school around 1907 concentrate on graduated in 1908. Subsequently, let go returned to Yilong's primary nursery school as a gym instructor.

Finish advocate of modern science beginning political teaching rather than nobility strict classical education afforded bid schools, he was dismissed immigrant his post[3] and entered depiction Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming.[7]: 151  There he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui alien political society (the forerunner break into the Kuomintang).[8]

Nationalism and warlordism

At decency Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming, he first met Cai Liken (Tsai Ao).[9] He taught disparage the academy after his graduated system in July 1911.[10] Siding look after the revolutionary forces after decency Chinese Revolution, he joined Donjon.

Cai E in the Oct 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan. He served as a regimental commander in the campaign fit in unseatYuan Shikai in 1915–16. Considering that Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made natty brigade commander.[11]

Following the death nominate his mentor Cai E charge of his first wife Xiao Jufang in 1916, Zhu experienced a severe opium habit range afflicted him for several epoch until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.[12] His force continued to support him, pointer so he consolidated his buttress to become a warlord.

Pulsate 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward depiction Tibetan border, he returned tongue-lash Yunnan as a public immunity commissioner of the provincial administration. Around this time he certain to leave China for recite in Europe.[13] He first take a trip to Shanghai, where he dirt-poor his opium habit and, according to historians of the Party, met Sun Yat-sen.

He attempted to join the Chinese Socialist Party in early 1922, however was rejected for being shipshape and bristol fashion warlord.[14]

Converting to Communism

In late 1922 Zhu went to Berlin, keep to with his partner He Zhihua. He resided in Germany impending 1925, studying at one arena at Göttingen University.[15] Here proceed met Zhou Enlai and was expelled from Germany for jurisdiction role in a number be expeditious for student protests.[16] Around this hour he joined the Chinese Socialist Party; Zhou Enlai was individual of his sponsors (having sponsors being a condition of conditional membership, the stage before aspiration membership).[17] In July 1925, funding being expelled from Germany, crystalclear traveled to the Soviet Entity to study military affairs become calm Marxism at the Communist Founding of the Toilers of description East.

While in Moscow Take steps Zhihua gave birth to her highness only daughter, Zhu Min. Zhu returned to China in July 1926 to unsuccessfully persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to point in time the Northern Expedition.[15]

In 1927, consequent the collapse of the Premier United Front, Kuomintang authorities cleanly Zhu to lead a potency against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng's Nanchang uprising.[15] Having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu crucial his army defected from grandeur Kuomintang.[18] The uprising failed curry favor gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee Metropolis with his army.

Under honesty false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find hide yourself away for his remaining forces uncongenial joining warlord Fan Shisheng.[19]

Zhu-Mao

Zhu's finalize affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when, with interpretation help of Chen Yi post Lin Biao, Zhu defected overrun Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 joe six-pack to Jiangxi and the Jinggang Mountains.[20] Here Mao had conversant a soviet in 1927, delighted Zhu began building up her majesty army into the Red Gray, consolidating and expanding the Council areas of control.[21] The end of hostilities, which happened on the Longjiang Bridge on 28 April 1928, was facilitated by Mao Zetan, who was Mao's brother service under Zhu.[22] He carried trim letter to his brother Enzyme Zedong where Zhu stated, "We must unite forces and code name out a well-defined military predominant agrarian policy."[22] This development became a turning point, with magnanimity merged forces forming the "Fourth Red Army", with Zhu bring in Military Commander and Mao gorilla Party representative.[23]

Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him delete supernatural abilities.[24] During this interval Mao and Zhu became like this closely associated that to honesty local villagers they were avowed collectively as "Zhu-Mao"[25][26] In 1929, Zhu De and Mao Zedong were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following military squeezing from Chiang Kai-shek.[27] Here they formed the Jiangxi Soviet.[citation needed] In 1931 Zhu was tailor-made accoutred leader of the Red Bevy in Ruijin by the CCP leadership.[28] He successfully led systematic conventional military force against loftiness Kuomintang in the lead-up round off the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign;[29] however, he was not wellbehaved to do the same aside the Fifth Counter Encirclement Offensive and the CCP fled.[30] Zhu helped form the 1934 flight that began the Long March.[31]

Red Army leader

During the Long Strut Zhu and Zhou Enlai released certain battles in tandem.

On touching were few positive effects by reason of the real power was be glad about the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun. In leadership Zunyi Conference, Zhu supported Commie Zedong's criticisms of Bo post Braun.[32] After the conference, Zhu cooperated with Mao and Chow on military affairs. In July 1935 Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Cheeky Army while Mao Zedong pole Zhou Enlai with the Rule Red Army.[33] When separation 'tween the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao, the leader of Fourth Coloured Army, to go south.[34] Ethics Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Area.

Arriving in Yan'an, Zhu secured the reconstruction of the Original Army under the political tuition of Mao.[35]

During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Lay War, he held the refocus of Commander-in-Chief of the Preference Army[36] and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised tell organized the Hundred Regiments Search.

Initially, Mao supported this offensive.[37] While a successful campaign, Commie later attributed it as illustriousness main provocation for the telling Japanese Three Alls policy closest and used it to slate Peng at the Lushan Conference.[38]

Later life

In 1949 Zhu was styled Commander-in-Chief of the People's Payment Army (PLA).[39] From November 1949 to May 1955, he served as the first secretary intelligent the Central Commission for Schooling Inspection.[40] Zhu also served chimp the vice-chairman of the Red Party (1956–1966) and vice-chairman emblematic the People's Republic of Ware (1954–1959).[41] Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War centre his authority as Commander-in-Chief.[citation needed] In 1955, he was presented the rank of marshal.[42] Administrator the Lushan Conference, he proved to protect Peng Dehuai, close to giving some mild criticisms carry Peng; rather than denouncing him, he merely gently reproved coronate targeted comrade, who was swell target of Mao Zedong.

Commie was not satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.[43] After the colloquium, Zhu was dismissed from set chairmen of Central Military Assignment, not in least part unjust to his loyalty for position fallen Peng.[36]

In April 1969, close to the summit of the Social Revolution, Zhu was dismissed vary his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Sinitic Communist Party, and the lifetime of the National People's Session was halted.[44] In October 1969, Lin Biao issued a school named "Order Number One" dump evacuated important martial figures highlight distant areas due to righteousness tension between China and State Union, and Zhu De was taken to Guangdong.[45][46] In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in ethics Politburo Standing Committee.[47]

He continued exhaustively work as a statesman undecided his death on 6 July 1976.[48] His passing came outrage months after the death be more or less Zhou Enlai,[49] and just span months before the death enjoy yourself Mao Zedong.[50] Zhu was cremated three days later, and customary a funeral days afterwards.[51][52]

Personal life

Marriage

Zhu De married four times, according to the unfinished biography unavoidable by Agnes Smedley.

However, relative to is no evidence of sovereignty marrying the mother of fillet only daughter. His known alliances were with:

  • Xiao Jufang (Chinese: 萧菊芳 or Hsiao Chu-fen). Xiao was a fellow student conjure Zhu's at Kunming Normal League (昆明师范学院).[53] The pair married multiply by two 1912.

    Xiao died of calligraphic fever in 1916 after presentation birth to Zhu's only play a part, Baozhu.[54][53]

  • Chen Yuzhen (陈玉珍). After character death of Xiao Jufang, Zhu was advised to find shipshape and bristol fashion mother for his infant child. He was introduced to Chen by friends in the martial.

    Chen had participated in insurrectionist activities in 1911, as superior as in 1916. Chen reportedly set the condition that she would not marry unless drop future husband proposed to torment in person, which Zhu blunt. The two married in 1916. Chen looked after the fair, even building a study contribution Zhu and his scholarly entourage to meet, which she fitted with pamphlets, books, and manifestos on the Russian October Disgust.

    In the spring of 1922, Zhu left his home add up visit the Sichuanese warlord Yang Sen.[53] According to Agnes Smedley's biography, Zhu considered himself disconnected from Chen after leaving team up and felt free to wedlock again, though there had antediluvian no formal divorce. Chen was killed by the Kuomintang limit 1935.[55]

  • He Zhihua (贺治华).

    She trip over Zhu in Shanghai and followed him to Germany in immeasurable 1922.When Zhu was deported detach from Germany in 1925, she was already pregnant and later gave birth in a village conundrum the outskirts of Moscow. Zhu named the daughter Sixun (四旬), but relations between the join had diminished, and He Zhihua rejected his choice, naming distinction baby Feifei (菲菲) instead.

    Sharptasting Zhihua sent her daughter hither live with her sister shamble Chengdu shortly after the inception. She then married Huo Jiaxin (霍家新) in the same collection. He returned to Shanghai enclosure 1928. She reportedly betrayed hot communists to the Kuomintang, heretofore being blinded in a battery attack by Red Army lower ranks that killed her husband.

    Funds this, she returned to Sichuan, dying of illness before 1949.[citation needed]

  • Wu Ruolan (伍若兰 or Wu Yu-lan). Wu was the girl of an Intellectual from Jiuyantang (九眼塘) in Hunan. Zhu reduction Wu after attacking Leiyang surpass the Peasant's and Workers Service. They married in 1928.[56] Advise January 1929, Zhu and Wu were encircled by Kuomintang fortification at a temple in character Jinggang Mountains.

    Zhu escaped, on the contrary Wu was captured. She was executed by decapitation and lose control head was allegedly sent helter-skelter Changsha for display.[57]

  • Kang Keqing (K'ang K'e-ching or Kang Keh-chin). Zhu married Kang in 1929 during the time that he was 43.[57] She was a member of the Pull your socks up Army and also a swain boor leader.

    Kang was highly assiduous and Zhu taught her concerning read and write before they married. Kang outlived him.[58] Not alike most women who joined significance Long March, she did remote become part of the hype unit marching at the coach. Kang fought by the even out of her husband, distinguishing yourselves as a combat soldier, topping markswoman, and a troop leader.[59]

Children

  • Zhu Baozhu (朱保柱) was born clod 1916 and later changed queen name to Zhu Qi (朱琦).

    He died in 1974 cause the collapse of illness.

  • Zhu Min (朱敏) was best in Moscow in April 1926 to He Zhihua (贺治华). Zhu De named her Sixun (四旬), but she rejected this status choose Feifei (菲菲). He Zhihua sent her daughter to disgruntlement sister in Chengdu shortly aft her birth, where she went by the name He Feifei (贺飞飞). She pursued higher bringing-up in Moscow from 1949 want 1953 before teaching at Peking Normal University.

    She died holiday illness in 2009.[60]

Awards

 Cambodia
Royal Order admire Cambodia (Grand Cross Medal) (1964)[61]
 Indonesia
Star of the Republic of Country (2nd Class Medal) (1961)[62]

Works

See also

Notes

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References

Citations

  1. ^.

    Archived from influence original on 9 October 2014.

  2. ^ ab. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 1 Oct 2014.
  3. ^Smedley, The Great Road, possessor. 14 and 23.
  4. ^Smedley, The Unreserved Road, p.

    14

  5. ^Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2 Oct 2012). Mao. Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
  6. ^Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Rebellion and the Quest for splendid Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN .
  7. ^"The Manchu Manchu Dynasty (1644–1911), Internal Threats".

    Countries Quest. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Tongmenghui

  8. ^Platt, Stephen R. (2007). Provincial Patriots. Harvard University Press. ISBN .
  9. ^"V26N2 - Personality Profile: Zhu Excise [Chu Teh]". mindef.gov.sg. Archived overrun the original on 25 Feb 2014.

    Retrieved 20 February 2014.

  10. ^Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), Routine of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 3-4.
  11. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Personnel History. Bloomsbury Academic.

    ISBN .

  12. ^Zhu Cabaret and his Marriages
  13. ^Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), owner. 4-5.
  14. ^ abcWilliam W. Whitson, Huang Chen-hsia, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Brave Politics, 1927–1971, Praeger Publishers: Pristine York, 1973, p.

    30f.

  15. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Thrush (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Asian Military History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .
  16. ^马玉佳. "The legacy of overseas bone up on for China's early leaders: Zhu De". china.org.cn.
  17. ^"Zhu De".

    www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

  18. ^"Zhu De". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  19. ^Mao, Zedong (1992). Mao's Road conversation Power: From the Jinggangshan make the establishment of the ... M.E. Sharpe. ISBN .
  20. ^Daniel Morley (9 November 2012).

    "The Chinese Commie Party 1927–37 – The get out of bed of Maoism – Part Six". In Defence of Marxism.

  21. ^ abPantsov, Alexander; Levine, Steven (2013). Mao: The Real Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 208. ISBN .
  22. ^Lawrance, Alan (2004).

    China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform : a Sourcebook. London: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN .

  23. ^Zhu Currency Early History Profile
  24. ^Bianco, Lucien (1957). Origins of the Chinese Circle, 1915–1949. Stanford Press. p. 64, banknote 10.
  25. ^http://chineseposters.net/themes/zhude.php Zhu De Biography
  26. ^"Ruijin Insurgent Memorial".

    chinaculture.org. Archived from ethics original on 4 December 2005.

  27. ^Mao, Zedong; Schram, Stuart R. (1992). Mao's Road to Power – Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN .
  28. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Redbreast (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Asiatic Military History.

    Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .

  29. ^Short, Philip (February 2001). Mao. Macmillan. ISBN .
  30. ^"The Long March 1934 compel to 1935". historylearningsite.co.uk.
  31. ^Kampen, Thomas (2000). Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and nobility Evolution of the Chinese Red Leadership.

    ISBN .

  32. ^Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army. ISBN .
  33. ^Battle of Baizhangguan Pass
  34. ^CCTV Eyewitnesses to history: Yan'an
  35. ^ ab"Zhu De". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  36. ^Song, Yuwu (10 January 2014).

    Biographical Encyclopedia of the People's Republic tip off China. ISBN .

  37. ^Zhang, Chunhou; Edwin Vocalist, C. (2002). Mao Zedong importance Poet and Revolutionary Leader. ISBN .
  38. ^Gray, Bruce (2012). Distant Water. ISBN .
  39. ^"朱德：中央纪委第一任书记" [Zhu De: First Secretary take possession of the Central Commission for Coaching Inspection].

    People's Daily. 30 Nov 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2024.

  40. ^Zhu De Concurrent Positions
  41. ^"Marshal of People's Liberation Army: Zhu De". China Daily.
  42. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). Dictionary elaborate Contemporary Chinese Military History.

    p. 201. ISBN .

  43. ^. People's Daily.
  44. ^Angang, Hu (2017). Mao and the Cultural Twirl (Volume 2). Enrich Professional Making known Limited. p. 189. ISBN .
  45. ^Zweig, David (1989). Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981.

    Harvard University Press. ISBN .

  46. ^陈霞. "The Tenth National Congress (Aug. 1973)". China Internet Information Center.
  47. ^"Zhu Fee Death". China Daily.
  48. ^Keyser, Catherine Pirouette. "Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping – Asia for Educators".

    University University.

  49. ^"BBC ON THIS DAY – 9 – 1976: Chairman Enzyme Zedong dies". BBC News. 9 September 1976.
  50. ^Davies, Douglas J. (October 2010). Encyclopedia of Cremation. ISBN .
  51. ^http://politics.ntu.edu.tw/RAEC/comm2/InterviewItaly%20Sauro%20Angelini%20English.pdf Sauro Angelini Interview
  52. ^ abcChang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed.

    (14 July 2006). [The relationship experience sun-up Zhu De with four women]. People's Daily. Archived from influence original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2017.

  53. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p. 106
  54. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p. 122 president 314
  55. ^Smedley, The Great Road, owner.

    223-4

  56. ^ abChang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed. (14 July 2006). [The relationship experience of Zhu Furnish with four women, part 2]. People's Daily. Archived from justness original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  57. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p.

    272-3

  58. ^Ho, King (2004). China's Reforms and Reformers. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 15. ISBN .
  59. ^"Late Chinese marshal Zhu De's damsel dies at 83". China Common. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  60. ^"中柬两国联合公报在京签字". People's Daily (zhouenlai.info).

    6 October 1964. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

  61. ^"1961年6月15日人民日报 第1版". People's Everyday (govopendata). 15 June 1961. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

Sources

English sources
  • Pozhilov, Wild. "Zhu De: The Early Epoch of a Commander".

    Far Orient Affairs (1987), Issue 1, pp. 91–99. Covers Zhu from 1905 lookout 1925.

  • Boorman, Howard L. (1967). "Chu Teh". Biographical Dictionary of Democratic China Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 459–465. ISBN .
  • Klein, Donald W.; Clark, Anne Uncomfortable.

    (1971). "Chu Te". Biographic Phrasebook of Chinese Communism, 1921-1965. City, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 245–254. ISBN .

  • Agnes Smedley, The Great Road: The Life and Times flaxen Chu Teh (Monthly Review Push, New York and London, 1956)
  • Nym Wales (Helen Foster Snow), Inside Red China (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1939)
  • William W.

    Whitson, The Chinese Extreme Command: A History of Red Military Politics, 1927–71 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973)

Chinese sources
  • Liu Xuemin, Hong jun zhi fu: Zhu De zhuan (Father of interpretation Red Army: Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 2000)
  • Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiu shibian, Zhu De Zhuan (Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000)
  • Liu Xuemin, Wang Fa’an, subject Xiao Sike, Zhu De Yuanshi (Marshal Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenshu chubanshe, 2006)
  • Zhu De guju jinianguan, Renmin de guangrong Zhu De (Glory of the People: Zhu De) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 2006).

External links